The 1930S, Also Known As The Era Of The Great Depression,

The 1930s, also known as the era of the Great Depression, was a hard time not only in the United States, but all throughout the world. However, the United States was not just struggling financially, but had conflicting morales. During the Great Depression, the United States had two different presidents, Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt. These two presidents have very different opinions on how to try and bring the United States out of the Depression. Herbert Hoover wanted to limit government access and test the American character; he believed involving the government too much would destroy American citizens’ moral character and undermine their freedom. On the other hand, Franklin D. Roosevelt believed the government must act†¦show more content†¦The article calls President Herbert Hoover by saying his is murdering citizens by â€Å"murder of starvation, murder by disease, murder by killing all hope -- and the soul† (Cobbs and Blum 223). Congress had only granted $300,000,000 for direct relief for all the states and Hoover was the only one who could grant more money sooner than another five months of waiting. The article describes how everyday innocent people are â€Å"murdered† because they starve to death merely because of lack of food. Charity agencies that are suppose to help families in need are having to turn people away because they are no longer able to help. Yet Herbert Hoover believed that the $300,000,000 should only be used in the case of â€Å"absolute need and evidence of financial exhaustion†. (Cobbs and Blum 224). The people of America were upset with President Hoover for not realizing that all the states were already in this position and needed way more than help than he was willing to offer. When President Franklin. D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, his course of action was the exact opposite of President Herbert Hoover. In FDR’s inaugural address, Roosevelt was quoted saying, â€Å"this Nati on asks for action, and action now† (Cobbs and Blum 227). Roosevelt believed the best course of action for the country was to put people to work immediately; he planned to accomplish this by means of direct recruitment through the government. However, FDR did have some stipulations with hisShow MoreRelatedStyles Of Fashion1732 Words   |  7 Pageswhat one might see at a red carpet event today. Woman would also wear thin stockings or paint on their legs to resemble the stockings, resembling tights or pantyhose worn today, and high heels that were black in color with ribbon or accents that may be seen in business professional attire or paired with dresses today. Women’s hair was styled as short cuts with tight curls made on the sides and on the back of the head. Hats were also very commonly worn with these hairstyles, tilted to one sideRead MoreThe Great Depression Through The Artist s Eyes1508 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1929, the Western industrialized countries succu mbed to a bleak period of time known as the Great Depression. This economic collapse, which persisted for ten long years, was preempted by the stock market crash on Wall Street, buying on credit, supply and demand along with the Dust Bowl of the Great Plains. During this economic state of crisis, the unemployment rate had risen from 3% to 25%, almost 13 million Americans were jobless. Many people could not pay their rent or mortgages. PeopleRead MoreThe Role Of Media And Technology During The 1920s And 1930s1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe development of 1920s and 1930s media and technology was extremely influential upon the period of time immediately after. Media in the 1920-30s and its relevance to the years that followed, focusing on the western world. Through the journalism and writing movements during the era, new technology was exposed to the public and impacted events in the years that followed. The term technology can also apply to machinery, medicine and weaponry; however , none of them corresponded with the changes toRead MoreCulture during the 20s-40s: Great Gatsby1365 Words   |  6 PagesHistory has shown that music, dance and fashion have a great affect on society and culture. Iconic artists and performers, and particular events during these decades influenced many rebellious outbreaks going against societal norms. The â€Å"Roaring 20s† (1920-30), had a major impact on adolescent behavior in America, starting in New Orleans, moving into Chicago and later, New York City. Throughout the 1930s-1940s a new adolescent culture emerged, influenced by early upheavals during the 1920s. TheRead MoreThe Birth, Life, And Resurrection Of Swing1673 Words   |  7 Pageshave been passed down. The reality of Swing though was that the true Swing Era of 1935 to 1945 occurred during a time unrest, and was filled with racial tension, war, poverty, adolescent unrest, and gender discrimination. In fact, the era of Swing encompasses two of the most historical events of the century for the United States, the Great Depression from 1929-1939, and World War II from 1939-1945. While Swing music is known for having its happy up beat rhythms, and light moods, it cannot be saidRead MoreThe Economy Collapsed And The Great Depression1207 Words   |  5 Pagesdebt shrunk, and there was also a rise in profits, what helped make some people rich. The price that farmers could get for their crops fell, and the farmers didn t have enough money to buy more land. The US economy collapsed and the Great Depression began. The value of stocks fell, and some even lost all their value, this was ca lled Black Tuesday. During the Great Depression, many banks failed and went out of business, lots of people lost their jobs. The depression spread which caused other economiesRead MoreGlamour Analysis1100 Words   |  5 Pagesphotograph of Jean Harlow taken during the Great Depression had a powerful impact on me although the world was going to a serious time, the photographer wanted to bring beauty and exquisite pictures for the world to see. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s, it lasted for over 10 years. I would considered the most severe, widespread depression during the 20th century. During the great depression Hollywood remained strong and boomed duringRead MoreEssay on How the Great Depression Changed the Federal Relationship680 Words   |  3 PagesThe period before the great depression, the 1920s, was known as the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz age. This Era was marked by artistic movement such as the creation of Jazz music and a rich supply of American writing. During this time the federal government had been providing some aid to the states but leaving the bulk of the power to the states, which is known as a dual federalism. It also marked the end of modest social traditions and wave of materialism encouraged by increased customer spendingRead MoreFederal National Mortgage Association ( Freddie Mac )1034 Words   |  5 PagesMac grew to be TBTF entit y, it is essential to examine the history of the U.S. mortgage industry. The U.S. mortgage industry has evolved in four phases; Pre-Government Era (1809-1929), the Great Depression and War Years (1930-1939), the Postwar Boom (1940-1970), and GSEs and Secondary Market (1980 – currently). The Pre-Government Era (1809-1929) was characterized by the establishment of the mortgage industry and involved minimal government interaction. The economic boom from the industrial revolutionRead MoreGangster Films In The 1920s1281 Words   |  6 Pageswould come to serve as an embodiment of society turning to the darker side. This idea would also take center stage on the silver screen with the emergence (and later alteration) of the gangster film. The gangster film would be continuously popular into the 1930s, reflecting the sentiments of society as the sunset on a golden age and faded into the dark night that was the Great Depression. However, it would also be during this decade that several crucial events would take place that would cause the movie

Should College Sports Be Banned - 1438 Words

College sports were introduced as intramurals to relieve stress caused by school. These games started out unregulated, injuring many players because the games became too aggressive. As the sports became more popular leagues started that would play other schools. Instead of school taking priority, athletes would skip days of school without having to come back. This lead to a negative impact on grades, which didn’t matter because there were no set rules for athletes. The National College Athletic Association, NCAA, formerly known as the Intercollegiate Athletic Association was founded in 1906. One of the main reasons it was created at this time is because football was almost wiped from colleges for being too dangerous, as were many other sports. Ultimately, they made rules that would protect athletes from being injured or exploited by their coaches or universities. Today the NCAA has many rules that all colleges, athletes, and coaches must abide by. The NCAA label college athletes as amateurs, consequently, they are not paid. Since they are in college they receive this label, only once they play beyond college do they earn compensation as professions. Some of the lucky ones receive full athletic scholarships that pay for the cost of attendance. But if an athlete is injured, the university can take away their Scholarship. Trying to combat this, the NCAA decided to allow colleges to give out multiyear scholarships, so if injuries occur the student wouldn’t have toShow MoreRelatedShould College Sports Be Banned?1301 Words   |  6 PagesOver the last decade college sports have generated more and more money, for themselves and the conferences they’re affiliated with. Division I college sports, most notably football and basketball, provide a huge source of universities’ income. The schools generate revenue from selling tickets, their various television contracts, and merchandise that supports the sport progr ams, along with many other sports related revenue builders. The athletes however, get a scholarship and not much else. WhileRead MoreShould College Sports Be Banned?3055 Words   |  13 PagesToday sports, are no longer fun and games, sports are a business, and college sports are no different. Division I college sports provide a huge source of universities’ income. The school receives money from ticket sales, television contracts, and sport-related merchandise, along with many other sports related revenue builders. The athletes on the other hand, receive their scholarship and little more. While the idea of receiving a free college education is something few would complain about; whenRead MoreThe Possibility of College Sports Being Banned775 Words   |  3 PagesThe first time that I had any type of knowledge about the possibility of college sports being banned was just a few weeks ago inside of my English 101 class. I cannot express how surprise I was when I found this out. Not in a million years I ever would of thought a activity that most athletes live by every day can just go away in a snap of a finger. How could somebody even turn professional if they have not been in the college phase yet? Questions just arise in my head when I hear about this topicRead MoreSports Is A Huge Part Of Our Society879 Words   |  4 PagesSports are a huge part of our society; many people begin watching from a young age, and grew up supporting a favorite sports team. There are even parties at different times of the year as championship seasons role around. Many of us have also participated in sports as well; whether it was when we were children, in high school or college must people have been involved in sports at one time or another. Jay Weiner states how our society needs to talk back sports and lists numerous ways to do so; althoughRead MoreEffects Of Gambling On College Students861 Words   |  4 PagesActivities that are considered gambling are betting on sport s and races, lotteries, card games like blackjack and poker, and casino games like slots and roulette. Bingo and raffles are technically gambling, but there are no major concerns about them, so they are not included here. Though gambling is legal within many states, it is does not make it right for people to engage in such activities. This is especially important, since gambling among college students is constantly growing with the rise of internet-basedRead MoreEffects Of Gambling On College Students861 Words   |  4 PagesActivities that are considered gambling are betting on sports and races, lotteries, card games like blackjack and poker, and casino games like slots and roulette. Bingo and raffles are technically gambling, but there are no major concerns about them, so they are not included here. Though gambling is legal within many states, it is does not make it right for people to engage in such activities. This is especially important, since gambling among college students is constantly growing with the rise of internet-basedRead MoreWhy High School Football Shouldnt Be Banned.984 Words   |  4 PagesRotruck Lyndsey Daniel Comp I MWF 12:00 19 November 2014 Why High School Football Shouldn’t Be Banned. Football, ever since it began, has had the constant question of should it be banned. Footballs origins began back in ancient Greece where even then it was known as a very rough and brutal game. When football came to England it was thought to be so rough that kings Henry II and Henry IV both actually banned it. A lot has changed since those times in history. We now have equipment for the game andRead MoreShould School Athletes Have Drug Tests?1301 Words   |  6 PagesShould School Athletes have to take Drug Tests â€Å"17% of teens drink, smoke, and use drugs during the day in the United States.†(Adler) This is the result of the absence of drug testing in our community, especially in our school. An analysis fact from CDC’s objective Terry Pechacek states that 50 million people do drugs in the united states and 4 million of them are underage and the majority of them are in a high school athletic. Citizens predict that this percentage number will slowly pullulateRead MoreDo not Take Away Football from Schools in Michael Van Der Galiens Article, Dear Americans: Whatever you Do, Dont Ban College Football646 Words   |  3 Pagesarticle titled, â€Å"Dear Americans: Whatever You Do, Don’t Ban College Football,† published May 26, 2012 on pjmedia.com, Michael Van Der Galien endeavors his audience the influence of football, and how banning the sport within schools will take away the uniqueness of the sport. Van Der Galien compares football players as â€Å"gladiators †; how gladiators are known to entertain the crowd while hurting one another. No matter how dangerous the sport may be, Van Der Galien is confused on how analyst are shockedRead MoreCollege Athletes : The Masters Of Multitasking1305 Words   |  6 PagesCollege athletes with out a doubt are the masters of multitasking. Not only being able to play there individual sports at a high level but also finding the time to dedicate to there academics and achieve relatively decent grades. The amount of time that they dedicate to there university out on the game field and in the classroom should be deserving of a reward. Some argue that the problem would be that not every school can afford to give college athletes a decent compensation in every sport; for

Language and Learning in Discipline

Question: Discuss about the Language and Learning in Discipline. Answer: Introduction Brand awareness is the most vital factor for any organization to achieve long term sustainability and growth from future perspectives. To make the brand recognize worldwide the organizations are taking use of several strategic marketing techniques. The one of the highest renowned strategy is taking use of social media. Social media refers to various sites and platforms where people have a continuous presence and can have more awareness of the various brands. The present generation is getting more hitched with the brands who have a popular social media platform and which gives customers a place to buy products online. This essay will analyses the role of social media in the present marketing concepts and for making a brand more recognized by the customers and the individuals. It will also help in analyzing the positive as well as the negative outcomes of social media marketing for the companies (Michaelidou, Siamagka and Christodoulides, 2011). Use of social media marketing for increasing the brand awareness The use of social media is rapidly up surging in almost all the activities and specially the marketing and advertising of the products and services. Companies are taking use of social media platforms such as Google+, Twitter and Facebook etc. for enhancing their global reach and sales. These are few of the most renowned and easy to access social media platforms for the individuals. The manufacturing marketers are taking most of the use of these media technology for increasing their sales as well as for getting better brand awareness. These social media platforms are of high importance as they provide enormous number of benefits to the companies. These benefits include enhance public relations as through these social media platforms companies make a separate association with the individuals which is term as public relation. The greater the public relation is the improved and higher is the customer base as well as the brand awareness (Booth and Matic, 2011). These social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram etc. are the sources by which h the organizations can have the glimpse of the ideas and opinions of the customers. Through this the companies can identify whether the brand is liked by the customers or not, what is needed to be improved and many more other things. Customers get a platform to share their opinion, experience and view point about the products, services and brand image of the company. This increases the promotion of the company which leads to extensive brand awareness (Bja and Bala?, 2014). These social media platforms offer a place to the companies to post and update their content. The content is the one which h attracts the individuals and fascinate them to be the customer of that product or service. The more facilitating the content is the higher are the potential customers and the brand recognition of the company. The content can be in the form of a blog, news, audio, video, reports etc. earlier it was a well-established notion that the online marketing is a threatening substitute for traditional marketing. Individuals have to shut down their businesses but in present scenario the situation has been changed, today the social media marketing is regarded as an additional channel for marketing instead of a substitute. The social media marketing has not overtaken traditional marketing but provided support and an improved hand to raise the brand awareness and sales of the organizations (Tuten and Solomon, 2014). Presently approximately 86% of the marketers are taking use of social media for the effective marketing of their products and most of them are getting high success and improved brand awareness (Bja and Bala?, 2014). There are brands which have developed leadership in online marketing and are recognized by these social media platforms only such as Amazon, Paytm etc. There are several benefits of social media marketing such as robust business-client association, getting feedback of customers, declined market cots, robust and increased online presence of an organization enhance the reliability of the company, high exposure, up surged sales and brand credibility. It is a two way communication channel which gives both the customers as well as the company to interact and make a strong customer-business relationship (Gensler, et al., 2013). With all above benefits there are few dark sides also of social media marketing which stop individuals to completely depend over these marketing tools. There are few things such as voiding of various privacy and legal issues of the users, aggressive advertising of the brand and lack of the knowledge regarding e-commerce. All these things lead to negative out comes such as driving the customers away, developing a negative brand image among the customers or dropping down of sales. The breaking of advertising laws is a big crime which leads to various punishments and legal penalties. This lessens the image of the company in the eyes of the customers. Individuals cut themselves from such brands which have a negative image in public which leads to negative returns (Neti, 2011). Conclusion From this essay it can be concluded that there has been extensive use of social media for the purpose of marketing which is beneficial for the companies as well as for the customers. It is a process of sharing knowledge and having a two side communication. These marketing channels give various benefits and positive outcomes to the companies such as the organizations are boosting their sales and profits enormously. There are various small companies which get huge recognition through promoting and marketing them in these social media platforms. This give a belief that without high marketing expenses organization can develop them elves and can achieve increased brand awareness. It is also necessary that the comp[anise must first get in-depth knowledge of e-commerce and also take care of all the on line advertising rules an d policies. So that they can successfully market their products without voiding any law and can have positive and improved brand awareness (Montalvo, 2011). References Bja, M., and Bala?, R., (2014). Social Media Marketing to Increase Brand Awareness, Journal of Economics and Business Research, Vol.2, Pp. 155-164, Retrieved on: 29th December, 2016, Retrieved from: https://www.uav.ro/jour/index.php/jebr/article/view/381/pdf_146 Booth, N., Matic, J. A. (2011). Mapping and leveraging influencers in social media to shape corporate brand perceptions.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,16(3), 184-191. Gensler, S., Vlckner, F., Liu-Thompkins, Y., Wiertz, C. (2013). Managing brands in the social media environment.Journal of Interactive Marketing,27(4), 242-256. Michaelidou, N., Siamagka, N. T., Christodoulides, G. (2011). Usage, barriers and measurement of social media marketing: An exploratory investigation of small and medium B2B brands.Industrial marketing management,40(7), 1153-1159. Montalvo, R. E. (2011). Social media management.International Journal of Management Information Systems (IJMIS),15(3), 91-96. Neti, S. (2011). Social media and its role in marketing.International Journal of Enterprise Computing and Business Systems,1(2), 1-15. Tuten, T. L., Solomon, M. R. (2014).Social media marketing. Sage.

Social Policy on British Society

Question: Write an essay critically discusses the impact of social policy on British Society? Answer: Introduction The common problems faced by mature welfare states today are poverty, unemployment, increasing population and scarcity of resources. The main theme of social policy making in Britain is the provision of social welfare by the state (Arts Gelissen, 2002). Social policies can be defined as the programmes aimed at the enhancement of the well being and life of the individuals. In the current scenario, it is of utmost importance as it aims to uplift the status of the people and provide desirable way to the economy as a whole. Historical Influences The United Kingdom was once known as the Land of Rising Sun as it ruled more than half the World. Nevertheless, post the World War II slowly Britain started losing and freeing economies that proved that Britain had lost its Superpower status. The World War II had a major drill on the economy and the Labor Party had to impose severe restrictions to improve the financial health, as the Treasury was almost bankrupt. It took nearly a decade to return to the pre-world war prosperity levels. The first most important reform was the National Health Service in 1948 that aimed at providing free medical aid to everyone especially the poor and the nationalization of various industries. Over the years, Britain has continued to focus on the health, poverty, education and employment issues (Dean, 2006). The Beveridge Report was considered the Bible for Social welfare. The level of success and significance of this report is seen further. Socio-Political Influences Economic Climate Clement Attlee, the Labor Prime Minister was faced with the challenges of national planning for which reforms like more taxes for the rich, expansion of the welfare state, and providing free medical aid for everyone were the prime focus areas. The election of Winston Churchill ploughed back the faith in the institution of social welfare (Zeitlin et. al, 2005). The nation building process proved successful for a few years until Britain realized that it cannot afford to support such a massive population and so this led to colonization (Mau, 2003). Margaret Thatcher was the next most influential leader who introduced initiatives like deregulation, making labor markets accessible and flexible, privatization of state run and state owned enterprises, reducing the influence of the trade unions, so on and so forth. Thus, we can see how various rulers to ensure the public good at all times implement the social welfare policies (Dean, 2006). This reflects the importance of social policy and is evident that the policy was considered at all times. Right Left Ideologies The Right is supposed to be the Party of Order (Conservative Party or UKIP) and the Left is supposed to be the Party of Movement (Labor Party) with an aim to address the complex issues of social, economic and political dimensions. Left Wing is more progressive with laws on the good welfare system, healthier people and protection of women and minorities. The Right Wing believes in economic freedom, equality and survival of the fittest. Hence, a strong impact is by the right wing is seen (Kleinman, 2002). Consider the impact of Beveridge Report and its implications today On 1 December 1942, the Beveridge report was published by the Parliament and it stressed on the functioning of national insurance where flat rate was of main use, paid by the contributions of flat rate, would help during the time of old age, ill health and unemployment (Gallie Paugam, 2000). After 70 years it was seen that such factors were clearly spotted in the welfare state. The National Insurance is still entrusted with the task of entitlement to jobseeker allowance, support allowance, etc. (Ebbinghaus Mannow, 2001). Still such a happening is infused with complexity. The Basic State Pension (BSP), that is endowed with so many benefits and has taken a place of special importance for contribution has taken a universal role. BSP entitlements were set up by those who looked for the unemployed, the sick and those having a soft corner for children. In the current scenario, very little similarity is seen as compared to the system witnessed in the Beveridge Report. Till a certain extent, it can be remarked as the difference that exist between the scenario in which the report was made and the world in which we live in. the proposals were mainly for a country in which for the major extent the only lone parents were widows and the expectancy were lower as compared to the pension age. In the current scenario, UK is totally a different destination. In 1949 the percentage of working age men was 96% , but fallen to 76%, on the other hand working age women percentage has risen from 40% to 66%. When the reports were prepared, the report was lower than one in 20 births was married outside; and presently more than one in five children is brought up with a single parent. The life expectancy has enhanced from 63 in 1940 to 78 in 2010, on the other hand the male state age pension is the same provided in the Beveridges day. The variations in the employment, family composition, and longevity exposed the disadvantages of the report. A system related to the contributory mechanism cannot accommodate groups in seek of help, but apart from the contribution history like lone parents and the unemployment in the long-term (Eilperin Mufson, 2015). Challenges The history provides a strong statement that sheds light on the recognition of the welfare system to be adapted in a manner that adheres to the changes (Eilperin Mufson, 2015). The amounts paid to the social insurance framework are mostly looked upon as an additional tax burden. Even after 70 years of the Beveridge Report, there is a strong challenge for the government because big choices need to be fulfilled; that will enable strong cut to the budget of the security budget. Such decision needs to be implemented with long-term perspective and to enhance the system that can be affordable, as well as effective in nature. Factors influencing the Social Policies Social Policy makers are influenced by main factors, including the media, political ideologies, pressure groups culture, and the economy. Over years, the technological advancement has also led to better services and so the social policies are to be altered accordingly (Spicker, 2015). As the Beveridge Report failed due to the factors listed above. Illustration of Present day policies for Health: The Public expenditure on healthcare is close to 7.8% of the total Gross Domestic Product. According to the 2014 Report, the healthcare system of United Kingdom is placed first in terms of Quality of care, Efficiency, Equality and access to healthcare. The NHS provides the primary healthcare facilities whereas the hospitals provide specialized facilities (Spicker, 2015). NHS has also introduced Telephone advisory services for non-emergency medical aid, guidelines for best practices and cost control. This is of immense benefit to the citizens and helps to promote the economy. Conclusion The role of national government as well as EU in development of social policy is the major point of attraction. Colonization has been done and different polices has been framed by different countries, but the role of the European Union has been huge, It has contributed towards the welfare of all countries and this is highlighted by the similarity in the services, as well as facilities that are offered by the NHS and the comparative standards that are set by all the countries (Spicker, 2015). Majorly, the welfare of the European Union is taken into consideration and the polices are drafted keeping this viewpoint. References Arts, W. and Gelissen, J 2002, Three worlds of welfare capitalism or more? A state-of-the-art report, Journal of European Social Policy, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 137158. Dean, H 2006, Social Policy. Cambridge: Polity Press. Eilperin, Juliet, Mufson, Steven 2015, Obama calls for social policy changes in wake of Baltimore riots, The Washington Post. Ebbinghaus, B. and Manow, P 2001, Comparing welfare capitalism, London: Routledge. Gallie, D. and Paugam, S 2000, Welfare regimes and the experience of unemployment in Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kleinman, M 2002, A European Welfare State? European Union Social Policy in Context, Houndmills: Palgrave. Mau, S 2003, The Moral Economy of Welfare States. Britain and Germany compared, London: Routledge Spicker, Paul 2015, An introduction to Social Policy, viewed 26 January 2016, https://www.rgu.ac.uk/ Zeitlin, J., Pochet, P., Magnusson, L 2005, The Open Method of Coordination in Action: the European Employment and Social Inclusion Strategies, Brussels: Peter Lang.

Role of Emotional Intelligence in Organizational free essay sample

To achieve it, the human capital of the organization may even go too far by challenging and demolishing the age old established premises and creating a vibrant and functional one in its place. Therefore, looking at the nature of mental exercise and psychic energy used while organizational members learn together, it is not only the cognitive brain but also the emotional brain that has role to play. Further, for organizational learning to be in full swing, there is a great deal of convergent as well as divergent thinking, which is full of agony and ecstasy for organizational members.Therefore, the key to successful management is management of destructive emotions. Hence, the author believes that organizational learning can be realized successfully when the human resources are able to develop needed emotional competencies. Once this is done then it is quite possible for them to make maximum use of their mental energy to engage into the thinking mode which is more system oriented. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Emotional Intelligence in Organizational or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In other words, the construct of emotional intelligence and its competencies are believed to play a relatively dominant role for learning at the individual level to reach an organizational level.This study is an attempt to understand the role of emotional intelligence of the human resources on the processes of organizational learning. Organizational Learning: A Prerogative in the Present Millennium The present millennium has rightly been perceived to be a new era in the evolution of organizational life and structure. As a result, organizations are forced to make significant transformations in order to adapt and survive in this new world.Revans (1983) says that in any epoch of rapid change, those organizations which are unable to adapt will soon find themselves in trouble, and adaptation is achieved only by learning, namely, by being able to do tomorrow that which might have been unnecessary today. Similarly, Zuboff (1988) observes that todays organizations may indeed have little choice but to become a learning institution. Further, she adds that learning is the heart of productive activity in every organization and learning is the new form of labor.Therefore, it may be said that todays solutions will be totally inadequate for tomorrows challenges when the main focus of each organization is on the customer and not on workers, in an economy which has shifted from being national to global. In this context, the only competitive weapon for organizations is learning at an organizational level. It call s for the organization to mobilize every resource to facilitate learning at an individual level to move up the ladder to the group and then to the organizational level. Therefore, for an organization to survive and grow, it has to let all its members from the lowest rung to the top-most level to learn as one entity rather than the other way round. Hence, companies that do not become learning organizations will soon go the way of the dinosaur because they are unable to adjust quickly enough to the changing environment (Schwandt and Marquardt, 2000). Owen (1991) says that it is not that profit and product are no longer important for organizations, but without continual learning, profits and products will no longer be possible.Therefore, the business of business is learning and all else will follow. According to Dilworth (1998), change now tends to outdistance our ability to learn and it is only by improving the learning capacity of organizations can we deal with change dynamics. †¢What is Organizational Learning? The concept of organizational learning has been widely espoused. The general consensus that if organizations were to change and innovat e, organizational learning has had to be addressed. Argyris and Schons (1978) conceptualisation of double-loop and deutero learning succinctly explains what organizational learning is about.

Hebrew Teachings on Diligence and Laziness A Contrast with Wisdom and Folly

Hebrew Teachings on Diligence and Laziness A Contrast with Wisdom and Folly Introduction Hebrew teachings on wisdom, diligence and folly are contained in the Old Testament part of the Bible, especially in the book of Proverbs. Though the book of Proverbs comprises several other teachings concerning marriage, relationships, diligence, self-control, and family, the teachings regarding wisdom are the most prominent (Hindson and Yates 265). Also presented alongside wisdom is the concept of folly. The biblical view of wisdom transcends knowledge as we know it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hebrew Teachings on Diligence and Laziness: A Contrast with Wisdom and Folly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wisdom in this sense surpasses a mere catalog of facts or information and combines a mastery of how to live and good decision-making with the fear of the Lord. Folly, on the other hand, is marked by foolish decisions and misadvised choices. From the book of Proverbs, wisdom, folly, diligence and lazin ess are clearly distinguished. This paper considers the link between wisdom and diligence as well as their relationship with folly and laziness. Wisdom, Diligence and folly The Bible teaches the importance of wisdom in attaining success as opposed to folly (Eccl. 10:10 New International Version). The book of Proverbs portrays wisdom and folly as two extreme opposites with wisdom generating benefits. Folly, on the other hand, is shown as making an unwise decision despite having knowledge of the informed choice. When a farmer, for instance, is aware that the rains are close and that he should prepare his farm, but chooses to postpone the activity and rush when the rains begin, the farmer’s character is seen as folly. The farmer, therefore, fails to prepare for the rains properly and registers poor produce. This kind of folly can be associated with laziness that influences the wrong choice which often seems to be the easy one. In his comparison between wisdom and folly, Solomon uplifts wisdom and portrays it as light. In contrast, folly is depicted as darkness. The book of Proverbs recognizes the value of wisdom in analyzing life and work productivity. Wisdom is portrayed as the light that enables a man to make the right choices and enhance productivity (Hindson and Yates 269). Folly, on the other hand, leads to darkness and unproductivity characterized by bad choices. The foolish person does not notice the dangers that lurk close to his door and often tumbles into treacherous paths due to his utter lack of judgment. Solomon constantly refers to the notion that wealth and fulfillment are intricately connected to hard work. In Proverbs 13:4 for instance, the Bible makes a clear connection between appetite and urge to labor. The Bible indicates that there is no satisfaction for the sluggard while the diligent gets to satisfy his desires. This verse seems to imply that a lazy person should not expect to obtain satisfaction for his desires since satisfaction c omes from diligence.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Proverbs chapter twenty-four verse thirty also relates poverty to laziness, indicating that a vineyard that belongs to a lazy person produces only poverty. Diligence, which is developed from character, leads to success. This character is only obtained through the fear of God, which the Bible equates to wisdom. The Bible asserts â€Å"the Lord gives wisdom; from his mouth come knowledge and understanding† (Prov. 2:6 New International Version). The book of Proverbs contains several instances diligence and the laziness are contrasted in a way that reflects the distinctions between wisdom and folly. In Proverbs 6:6-8 the Bible compares a diligent worker to an ant which acts on its own accord and instructs the sluggard to emulate the ant by seeking wisdom. Though the ant lacks a ruler, it collects plenty of food during harvest times and stores it for dry seasons. This indicates that diligence needs wisdom to be productive. The lazy person, on the other hand, stays in bed as his door turns on its hinges (Prov. 26:14 New International Version). This verse seems to indicate the extent to which a sluggard loves to sleep by indicating that a lazy person is devoted to his bed in the same way that the door is affixed to its hinges. Unlike the ant which chooses to labor and save for hard times, the lazy person prefers to slumber. His folly is in choosing sleep despite knowing the benefit of hard work. An outstanding link between diligence, laziness and work is outlined towards the end of Proverbs. Proverbs 31:10-31 refer to a virtuous woman who finds satisfaction in the family and work as an entrepreneur. Just like the virtuous woman, the wise worker is trustworthy (Prov. 31:11 New International Version). A wise worker is surrounded by honesty, instruction and understanding (Prov. 23:23 New Intern ational Version). Honesty not only includes telling the truth, but also working truly and expecting to reap what you sow. Conclusion The Hebrew texts in the Old Testament are explicit concerning diligence and its relationship with wisdom and folly. Diligence requires wisdom to be productive while poverty is related to folly and laziness. The book of Proverbs contains several incidences where wisdom in work is encouraged. This wisdom can only be obtained through the fear of God, who gives man the wisdom to make good decisions. Work Cited Hindson, Edward and Gary Yates. The Essence of the Old Testament: A Survey, Nashville, Tennessee: BH, 2012. Print.

Problem Solving College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problem Solving College - Essay Example In problem solving one should explore all options one by one until you come across the best one. However, in general, as one gains experience in solving problems, one develops one's own techniques and strategies, though they are often intangible. The computer is not an intelligent machine. It does not have the ability to think about the solution of the problem. Our task is to provide a series of steps, which when written in a programming language becomes a code. The computer runs the code for the solution. The good part is that the computer can run the solution consistently, again and again once we have written the code, saving us from the tedious and boring work. Programs are written to solve problems posed by people. The difficulty of writing the programs is driven by the difficulty of the problems. The difficulty of the problems is limited by the imagination of the people posing the problems. Now we'll see how problem solving by programming is difficult. Programming is a complex skill that takes time to master. To solve a specific problem via programming, you need to understand the nature of the problem. Think about the solution of the problem. Then we will choose a programming language. You need to have knowledge of the programming language you decide to use. ... Depending on the nature of the task problem solving can either be easy or difficult. Let's take a very simple example of finding the largest number from a given list of unsorted numbers. We can easily solve this problem manually, provided the given list of numbers is not too big. If we have to solve the same problem using programming then it is not so easy .We will have to explain the computer all the steps one by one and code it for the compiler to run the solution. Similarly, if we have a list of numbers which is very big, say ten thousand numbers and we have to find the maximum one so it would be easier to write a code for the problem rather than going through the whole list. There are many ways to find the maximum number in a given list of unsorted numbers. We will discuss one of the ways to solve it. Our first step would be to consider the first number as the largest. We will save that number in a temporary location .Then we will compare it with all the other numbers in the list and if we encounter any number greater than the number stored in our temporary location, we will update our location. The last noted item in our memory location is the largest in the list when the process is complete. Hence, we can say that it depends on the nature of the task whether problem solving is difficult with programming or not. Similarly, we consider another example of a factorial generating program. We can easily calculate the factorial of a small number in our minds but think about a program that will return you the factorial of any number you want. It can be as large as you want because you don't have to worry about the computations. The computer is going to

Business and Economics of the Olympics Can Ireland Benefit from the Essay

Business and Economics of the Olympics Can Ireland Benefit from the London 2012 Olympics - Essay Example Research has shown that those bidding countries that do extensive pre-planning, including those that secure financial backing from private enterprise and corporate businesses so as to not directly enter into agreements to obtain funding from city coffers, have successful Games as there is no direct involvement of the public's money. By also utilizing many of the buildings, like in the Calgary Winter Olympics, for training centers to accommodate future Olympic athletes and open them up for public use, these facilities will also continually fund their operation. As in the example of the Olympic arena in Montreal, the facility became a constant maintenance problem due to an extremely leaky roof and thus has rendered it unusable. The scope of this paper is to not only examine those Olympic Games that have proven to be a financial opportunity for those businesses pre and post game hosting, but, also how the next Olympic Games to be held in 2012 in London can transfer that knowledge to a potential host, Ireland. Evidence will be shown via tables as to the financial benefit to businesses that have occurred through two successful Olympic Games, Los Angeles and Sydney, and provide documentation as to the full involvement the governments of both countries had in encouraging business financing in order to fulfil the greater use of facilities once the Games have moved on to the next host country. Introduction Business enterprise has always had a vested interest and need by many athletes in pursuing their dreams of Olympic greatness. The governments of host cities and host countries have a further vested interest in ensuring the Olympics make it to their city of choice. By having the government work in cooperation with businesses, the ability to fund the Games proves to be an extremely involved and long process that can either make the Games a success or a failure. There are many key economic issues that are associated "with the holding of Olympic Games and the factors that are important in ensuring the potential benefits are realized, are those associated with the macro-economic environment" (Treasury Department, NSW 1997). These such issues that will be

Cause and Effect of violence in schools Term Paper

Cause and Effect of violence in schools - Term Paper Example In olden days, schools were considered as a sacred place where the teachers the priests and the students were the believers. However, schools become hells at present because of the unhealthy activities going on inside the campus and the strained relationships between the teachers and the students. The over influence of media like television and internet, improper care received from parents, child abusing, etc are cited as the major reasons behind increasing violent incidents in schools. This paper analyses the causes and effects of school violence. The major reason for the increasing violent tendency among school, children is the lack of care they receive from their parents during their infancy and childhood period. Most of the parents are professionals and they do not have enough time to look after the child matters or giving enough love and care to their children. Children forced to take shelter in day care centers where nannies take the role of mother. No nanny can give the same love and care given by the mother. Modern parents are comparatively more focused on their careers or profession rather than looking after the needs of their children. Many of them try to spend one or two hours with their children and at that time they try to behave like a friend rather than a parent. They are forgetting the fact that children need the love and care of a parent rather than a friend from their parents. The effect of above behavior is that children will never get the much needed care of their parents whereas they get friendship more th an what is required. Children who have been severely and repeatedly abused often become extremely aggressive. Theyre frustrated, angry, in some pain, not getting everything they want. They feel like victims. They have no concern about others -- they dont think about others. Its all about who they are and what they want (When Kids Kill) Some parents often punish their children

Msg And Its Neurological Effects Biology Essay

Msg And Its Neurological Effects Biology Essay Due to evolving since in fields such as food science pharmacology, pediatrics, medical psychology, and toxicology, various food additives have come under a sharp review. In the medical field, a controversy has been ranging as to whether MSG should be used at all since diverse research case studies have not only shown its negative effects on health in general but also its neurological effects. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) has been used as a flavorant in the food industry for close to one hundred years in foods consumed by the masses daily. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies MSG as a food ingredient that is considered generally safe for use by the public, a number of researches such as by Schwartz have shown that it is harmful to the users health and should therefore be banned. Glutamate is naturally found in foods such as milk, poultry, meat and vegetables. Further, the body naturally produces glutamate which is essential for the nervous system. However, syntheti c manufacture has been proven to be harmful. This study purposefully outlines such effects on the nervous sytem and serves to support other recent findings against the use of MSG. Introduction MSG is a food additive that is found in most of the commercial foods. It improves the flavor of the food hence attracting customers. In itself, there is no value addition in terms of nutrition. It actually does nothing to food, but to the eater it is detrimental to their health. MSG is referred to as an excitotoxin or neurotoxin. This is the case since it widely involves the neuroscientists field in that it has degenerative and deadly effects on the brain and the nervous system. MSG actually over stimulates the brain neurons to exhaustion leading to their death. MSG goes to the brain through the membranes in the mouth and the throat. It also enters the blood stream through the digestion of food in the digestive system. MSG will trick the brain to thinking that it is getting value from the foods that are being taken in. MSG is not natural in nature. It is manmade from glutamic acid which is an amino acid which is found in complete proteins. Amino acids do occur naturally from many pla nts and animal tissues. The artificially created types of Amino acids are processed through the breakdown and the change of the natural form of glutamate. Some of the natural substances used for this purpose are molasses, grain starches and corn. The manipulation process produces various form of glumate. The d-glumate is never found naturally. The free glumates could enter the body 8 to 10 times faster than the bound or the natural glumates. Natural glumate is found in foods like tomatoes, milk and the mushrooms. The commercial methods or techniques used to manufacture glumate were not in use until the 1960s. The MSG in use today is not at all natural Literature review The current research shows that MSG is the cause of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers Huntingtons, Parkinsons and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscientists, such as Adriene, have explained that MSG attacks the blood-brain barrier of the brain cells which is responsible for protection and regulation of the delicate chemical exchange within the brain cells. The chemical exchange process is normally well balanced and its functionality is unquestionable. Under normal conditions also the brain and the body immune system handles all kinds of pollutants, diseases and stress. A very small amount of toxic substance can actually cause the brain call to over react leading to excessive exhaustion and death (Samuels). MSG is one of the major excitotoxins and is widely known to cause damage to the brain part that governs or controls other systems in the human body. The damage will probably appear as a disorder in the nervous system and the endocrine system. This can be manifested in the cases of unusual sleeping patterns, persistent hunger and food cravings. This usually leads to obesity. MSG is also known to cause migraine headaches, behavioral disorders, asthma attacks, depression, heart irregularities, arthritis, sinus problems and digestive problems (Anglesey). MSG is a neurotoxin that takes a very short time to create a widely diverse and dramatic effect on the human body. An individual may take a mild dosage of a prescription drug and have mild effects which may even be favorable. However, another person may take the same prescription drug and instead, get depressed, have stomach disorders, a swollen tongue and aching joints. The different parts of the brain do govern various body functions. The part which is attacked will directly depend on the brain part that has been attacked by the excitotoxin. If for example a person has had a head injury, a genetic pinch in a given part of the brain, has had a fever that is attacking parts of the brain, or even has had a stroke, then it is certain that the part of the brain that has been affected will be due to the toxins. Some of the foods that are sold are sold as weight loss promotions to the people. When food substances such as fat and sugar are removed from the foods, MSG together with aspartame is usually added. These excitotoxins are known to cause obesity and irregular heartbeats in many people. FDA usually allows the labeling of MSGS as natural flavors, hydrolyzed proteins and autolyzed yeast when used as just a component ingredient in an additive and not purely MSG. Americans today are consuming 160 million pounds of MSG per annum. A toxicologist and an author by the name Dr, George Schwartz claims that two table spoons of MSG on a piece of bread could kill a medium sized dog within a minute. The FDA in the year 1995 claimed that no one can react to less than 3 grams of MSG per meal. However, despite their confirmation, they have warned that MSG should be avoided by children, pregnant or lactating women, the elderly and those who suffer Asthma. A highly sensitive individual can react even to less than a gram of MSG (Blaylock). Effects and Related disorders Research has shown that in the late 1950s, an estimated amount of 12 grams per person per year of MSG was used by the Americans. Looking at the same issue today, the estimate has shot to between 400 and 500 grams per person per year. This is an amount that needs evaluation by FDA. (Anglesey) The wide usage of MSG came in the mid 1970s. It gained much popularity with producers of food through the 1980s. Two powerful excitotoxic food additives that took the food industry by storm were the MSG and aspartame. MSG has been widely associated with a wide range of diseases, symptoms and complaints. As earlier stated, it affects the neurological system of the body. The same ailments are today being reported to be on their rise. Often the ailments are quite unexpected and hard to explain either. Neorological effects of MSG and statistics of interest published by national organizations have been listed here-in. Fibromyalgia: this is a growing epidemic. Its patients eliminated MSG and aspartame during the study conducted by Florida University which reported complete relief of symptoms in 2001. However, the most cognitive study was carried by Smith, Shmidt and Guns who sought to prove the link between Fibromyalgia and MSG with several other additives as a common rheumatologic disorder. In this case, 4 patients were diagnosed for 2-17 years with fibromyalgia syndrome. However, they had undergone various modalities of treatment while failing to consider MSG as the causative agent. After eliminating aspartame and MSG from their diets, complete or near complete resolution of symptoms diagnosed were recorded within months. In this case analysis, the subjects were women who had multiple comorbidities and recurring symptoms after the ingestion of MSG. It is therefore indicative that t he excitotoxins, present in substances such as Aspartate and MSG, become excitatory neurotransmitters once ingested, and if consumed in excess can lead to neurotoxicity. These 4 patients may therefore represent this fibromyalgia syndrome and act as a link to conclusively establish a link to MSG. Therefore, persistent studies, if carried out on a larger sample, might serve to link the fibromyalgia syndrome to MSG and aspartame more concretely (Murray). Further, a study posted in MSGTruth.org is instrumental in linking MSG to pituitary adenomas. MSG overstimulates the hypothalamus which consequently leads damage on the neurons. The hypothalamus is responsible for directing the pituitary glands actions, which is also referred to as the master gland since it in turn directs all other glands in the body and their actions such as metabolism, development of sex and reproductive organs and other key development functions. Statistics have shown that 25% of Kenyans develop a pituitary adenoma in the course of their lives. However, studies linking pituitary adenomas to MSG are inconclusive. Some studies had previously depicted this as a genetic disorder but have however been proven wrong. About half of the pituitary adenomas secrete prolactin. Prolactinomas vcan become extremely large over time to crowd the optic nerve thereby affecting vision. It is however detected early in women since it interferes with menses and stops ovulation. This prevents conception or pregnancy in general. Further, since prolactin is responsible for lactation, secretion can cause lactation in the victim even if they were never pregnant or even if they are male. Hence, men with these adenomas develop breasts which have the capacity to secrete milk. Unlike in women who are forewarned by the effects on vision or associated headaches, this condition is deadly in men since the tumor can only be detected when it is large and dangerous. Further, research records by most governments are only kept for cancerous tumors while benign tumor, such as in this case, are neglected hence making it the more difficult not only to research on especially as to its link to aspartine and MSG but also to treat. Trea tment is very expensive. There are only two treatments with Dostinex, a carbegoline, is normally preferred which costs approximately $ 30 a tablet. Therefore, there is a need to sponsor more research as to the link to MSG and brain tumors (Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) and Aspartame). Other effects that have been attributed to MSG and its neurological disorders are headaches and migraines, asthma, obesity among others. In headaches and migraines: an approximate amount of $ 2.2 billion per year are being spent on drugs which treat headaches. This chronic condition has received a 74% increase from the years 1980 to 1990. Secondly, Asthma has been linked to MSG and related to the brain effects. According to statistics there was a decline of asthma until the mid-eighties. Since then however, there has been a recorded 100% increase in the rate of death among the children and the seniors. This incidence has increased 600% in the last 10 years. FDA has identified that the uncontrollable asthma can be caused by MSG, unfortunately no further measures are taken to deal with the situation. Defects of birth and disorders of production: MSG has been identified as a mutagen i.e. mutates fetuses. It is said to cause damage to the intellectual development, reproduction, growth pa tterns and the gonadal functions. However, such research has not been concrete. Other effects are neurological or emotional disorders. Laboratory studies have shown devastating effects on brain development. This includes autism, attention deficit, dyslexia, hyperactivity, violent episodes or rage, panic attacks, depression, paranoia, seizures and cerebral palsy. Rats were used for this study. However, human beings are 5 times more sensitive to MSG than rats. Obesity too has been linked to MSG and the nervous system. This is the most consistent effect of excitotoxins exposure and can be termed as a growing problem that does not respect age or sexual boundaries. In fact scientists uses glumate to feed animals used in the laboratories with an aim of inducing obesity. MSG will trigger insulin or adrenalin or fat storage or even a food craving response. This actually depletes the serotonin levels which in turn trigger headaches, depression and fatigue and also leads to food cravings. Finally, it is vital to note the following maladies and diseases are also attributed to MSG. Heart maladies: for the Americans, more than 70 million of them do suffer one or more forms of cardiovascular disease. 43% of all deaths in America are related to this same problem. Cardiovascular operations in the US went up with 287% from the year 1980 to 1990. Alzheimers disease: in the 1980s, this disease was nowhere among the highly identifiable health threats. It is however ranked third in todays statistics after cancer and heart disease. There are 4 million people afflicted by the disease at a cost of $47,000 per person per year in healthcare costs. Parkinsons, ALS, MS and the Huntingtons diseases like Alzheimers are all progressively growing neurogenic diseases that show brain and nerve cell damage. There are also other symptoms of MSG sensitivity that include swollen throat and tongue, joint pain, skin disorders, sleeping disorders, burning, tightness of the face or its redness, vert igo and gastrointestinal complaints. This subject of disorders in behavior for children is becoming a common discussion among professionals. The Studies that are already done have widely associated the violent behavior, attention deficits and emotional instability to chemical imbalances occurring in the brain. The reason that young brains are developing the blood-brain barrier, it is now becoming an extreme possibility that there will be early damage caused by excitotoxins. In April 1994, a time magazine article confirmed the rising problem of behavioral disorders. The magazine stated that the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was not in existence 15 years ago. It is however said that it is now affecting 3.3 million American children. This magazine article quotes a prominent research which 10 years ago stated that symptoms of ADHD and ADD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) vanished with maturity. Today however, ADD is now the fastest growing diagnostic category for the adults. The combination of excitotoxins i.e. MSG and aspartame came into wide usage in the 1980s. The drug sale rate for these disorders has shot up by almost 400% in a period of 4 years only. MSG is now a known mutagen. Its damage occurs in the womb as chemicals pass from the womb of the mother into the blood system of the fetus. The old people do show high vulnerability rates to the progressive neuro-generative diseases. An example of such diseases is Alzheimers.

Weight Issues In Wrestling :: Health Nutrition Essays

Weight Issues In Wrestling What do Billy Saylor (19 years old) at Campbell University in North Carolina, Joseph LaRosa (22) at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, and Jeff Reese (21) at the University of Michigan all have in common? They are all dead now, victims of one of the ghastly secrets of college wrestling. All three boys were engaged in dehydrating practices trying to lose weight in order to qualify for their first college-wrestling matches. Reese was trying to lose 17 pounds so that he could wrestle in the 150-pound weight class. His two-hour workout in a rubber suit in a 92-degree room cost him his life. He died of rhabdomyolysis -- a cellular breakdown of skeletal muscle under conditions of excessive exercise, which, combined with dehydration, resulted in kidney failure and heart malfunction (Iowa Gazette - December 22, 1997). LaRosa was also riding a stationary bike and wearing a rubber suit when he collapsed and died. Saylor was riding a stationary bike in a predawn workout when he suffered a h eart attack (Washington Post - January 14, 1998). Physicians are of the consensus that excessive dehydration as a means to lose weight can harm bodily functions, possibly leading to kidney failure, heat stroke or a heart attack. Why then do the wrestlers engage in these dangerous activities? Legendary University of Iowa wrestling coach Dan Gable had this to say in an ESPN report: "They (wrestlers) think they are indestructible. But I’ll tell you what -- those three athletes thought they were indestructible, too. And they aren’t around to talk about it."Wrestlers believe that it is mind over body; they can accomplish anything and nothing bad will ever happen to them. So, LaRosa’s behavior on that fatal day in November wasn’t anything out of the ordinary for many college wrestlers. He was wearing sweats over a rubber suit and riding a stationary bike in a steam-filled shower room. His body temperature reached 108 degrees. He was trying to make weight for his match the next day, and wrestling’s rules did little to discourage such dangerous practices. The logic in wrestling is to make the lowest weight you can in the weigh-ins, which are 24 hours before the match. Then you can replenish and rehydrate your body over the course of the 24 hours between the weigh-in and the match. This will give you an advantage in the competition b ecause you really will be bigger and stronger then most of the wrestlers in that lower weight class.

Linking Debit or Credit with Normal Balance

QS 2-3 Linking debit or credit with normal balance C5 Indicate whether a debit or credit decreases the normal balance of each of the following accounts: Notes* *Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity a. Office Supplies e. Salaries Expense i. Interest Revenue b. Repair Services Revenue f. Owner Capital j. Owner Withdrawals c. Interest Payable g. Prepaid Insurance k. Unearned Revenue d. Accounts Receivable h. Buildings l. Accounts Payable A. Office supplies are an asset and debit decreases the normal balance. B. Repair services revenue is an asset and credit decreases the normal balance. C. Interest payable uses credit for decrease of normal balance. D. Accounts recievable is an asset and debit will decrease the normal balance. E. Salaries expense uses debit for decrease of normal balance. F. Owner Capital is an asset and credit decreases normal balance. G. Prepaid insurance uses debit for decrease of normal balance. H. Buildings are considered an asset and debit decreases normal balance. I. Interest Revenue uses credit for decrease of normal balance. J. Owner Withdrawals may use credit for decrease of normal balance. K. Unearned Revenue uses credit for decrease of normal balance. L. Accounts payable uses debit for decrease of normal balance. QS 2-4 Identify whether a debit or credit yields the indicated change for each of the following accounts: *Notes* Assets: Debit to increase, credit to decrease; Liabilities & Equity: Credit to increase, debit to decrease; Income: Credit to increase, debit to decrease; Expenses: debit to increase, credit to decrease. a. To increase Store Equipment f. To decrease Unearned Revenue b. To increase Owner Withdrawals g. To decrease Prepaid Insurance c. To decrease Cash h. To increase Notes Payable d. To increase Utilities Expense i. To decrease Accounts Receivable e. To increase Fees Earned j. To increase Owner Capital a) Store equipment uses debit to increase. (asset) b) Owner withdrawals use debit to increase. (equity) c) Cash uses credit to decrease. (asset) d) Utilities expense use debit to increase. (expense) e) Fees earned uses credit to increase. (income) f) Unearned revenue uses debit to decrease. asset) g) Prepaid insurance uses credit to decrease. (asset) h) Notes payable uses credit to increase. (liability) i) Accounts receivable uses credit to decrease. (asset) j) Owner capital uses credit to increase. (equity) QS 2-5 *Identify whether the normal balances (in parentheses) assigned to the following accounts are* correct or incorrect. a. Office supplies (Debit) d. Wages Expense (Credit) g. Wages Payable b. Owner Withdrawals ( Credit) e. Cash (Debit) (Credit) c. Fees Earned (Debit) f. Prepaid Insurance (Credit) h. Building (Debit) Office supplies uses debit for a normal balance. (correct) Owner withdrawals does not use credit for a normal balance. (incorrect) Fee’s earned does not use debit for normal balance. (incorrect) Wages expense does not use credit for normal balance. (incorrect) Cash does use debit for normal balance. (correct) Prepaid insurance does not use credit for normal balance. (incorrect) Wages payable does use credit for normal balance. (correct) Building does use debit for normal balance. (correct)

four steps to success essays

four steps to success essays For many human beings, death is feared greatly. Maybe it is the mystery surrounding it, maybe it is mystery of what happens after it, or maybe its the fear that one can no longer be with his or her loved ones. Whatever the case may be, it is a known fact that death can often lead to mourning, anger, and loneliness. In the poems To Think of Time and Song of Myself by Walt Whitman, however, Whitman presents a different perspective of death, in which he shows the positive aspects of death. In fact, Whitman presents the goodness and luck of death in his explanation of the eternal soul. While Whitmans view of death may have differed from society, his own view remained the same, in both To Think of Time, and in the section of Song of Myself known as The Sermon (Chants 42-50). Here, Whitman presents a lecture of sorts, in which he guides human beings through the many aspects of their lives. Most important in this, though, is Whitmans perspective that human being should be accepting o f death. In doing so, Whitman actually ends up describing a four-step process for all humans to accept death. The first step Whitman describes to achieve this is acknowledging that there is a more important life waiting for us to embark upon after death. In Song of Myself, Whitman says, We have thus far exhausted trillions of winters and summers; There are trillions ahead, and trillions ahead of them (Myself, ll.138-139). By saying this, Whitman is referring to the unimportance of his own and everyone elses own time on Earth, because it is a trivial amount of time when compared to the whole timeline of the planet. Therefore, Whitman soon says how humans must recognize that there is a greater purpose, which will not be embarked upon until after death. He says, Have you feared the future would be nothing to...

Impact of Science on Society Essay Example

Impact of Science on Society Essay Example Impact of Science on Society Essay Impact of Science on Society Essay the sky was made up of eight concentric crystalline spheres, each one carrying a planet and the outermost one carrying the stars, which were supposed to rotate east to west. This circular motion, being heavenly, was perfect-except for these planets going what looked like backwards from time to time. Well, that particular little inconvenience was solved by putting each planet in a littie epicycle, or mini-orbit, spinning round and round while still remaining attached to its own individual main phere, which still rotated east-west like it was supposed to. That way, the planets only appeared to go backwards sometimes. The real explanation, that the Earth was moving as well and that this caused the appearance of retrograde motion, was unacceptable within the cosmological paradigm that was still operative in the Renaissance. It was unacceptable because it would have had philosophical and theological implications that were too hot to handle. The Bible would have been seen to be wrong, for example, because it said the Earth didn’t move. So epicycles fit the bill, and kept things the way they were supposed to be. However, you had to have over 70 of them, and even then they didn’t work absolutely perfectly. â€Å"Saving the appearances at all costs† in that way is generally how we react to little inconsistencies in our paradigm. If your paradigm is the rock of ages for you-and it always is-then you let go of it only with immense reluctance. We are, paradigmatically speaking, extremely conservative. Look at how often change is fought in history. Here’s an example that always tickles me. The chain of events back in the twelfth century that set Europe going economically after the Dark Ages was essentially the textile revolution. A new loom came in from Arab Spain. It had foot pedals, which left the weaver’s hands free to weave faster and make more cloth cheaper. The Dutch weavers smashed the thing up because it would have put people out of work. (That was a new idea in the twelfth century. ) A generation later, when the dust had settled, in came the spinning wheel from left field-a total surprise from China. It made thread very much faster than before. When the wheel and the loom were put together, the production of cloth skyrocketed. So there were more riots, because the cloth was linen, which was 8 T h e Legacy of Science made from a plant and was cheaper than feeding sheep and making wool, so the rioters were sheep farmers. But soon everybody was wearing linen, because it was cheap, and throwing it away when they wore holes in it. So there was this giant pile of linen rag lying around fourteenth-century Europe. The price of paper dropped like a stone, because linen rag paper was the best ou could make. There were more riots-sheep farmers again, because parchment was sheepskin, and it had become too expensive to use. So here was enough paper around to put o n the walls, and the scribes were going like gangbusters and pretty soon they were on strike for higher wages because it was a seller’s market. Everybody wanted their paperwork done because the Black Death was just over and everybody was inheriting like crazy. There jus t wasn’t enough writing ability to go around, until Gutenberg came along in 1450 with the printing press. Now this was something the Church wanted like a hole in the head, because it would encourage free thinking-until they realized that you could print indulgences with it. People bought the indulgences, because when they did that they got remission of some sins. With all the demand for instant salvation that followed, the Church made a million-money to build the Vatican, pay Michelangelo’s bill, and generally get involved in prestigious projects that made certain German clerics really mad at this consumerist, moneymaking approach to religion. One of these Germanic chaps nailed up his criticisms, and there was the Reformation. It’s a little oversimplified, maybe, but you get my drift. People in general would rather fight than switch. So, to repeat myself, if the paradigm fits and people resist innovation, why does change happen at all? Well, let me give you some examples of the mechanisms that operate to produce change, and you’ll see why it isn’t that simple. To begin with, often you just don’t know change is coming. Even if you’re personally involved, you may be looking the wrong way at the time, like young William Perkin of London in 1856. Around then, everybody wits looking for benzene rings and chemistry was the flavor of the month, and Perkin, a chemist, was trying to be the young science hero who would save the great British empire by discovering the way to make artificial quinine chemically. You see, 9 The Impact of Science on Society our administration and army chaps were dropping like flies out in the Far Eastern colonies because of malaria, and artificial quinine would have fixed things up right. Besides that, we were having to buy natural quinine from the Dutch in Java, and they charged an outrageous price for it. So that great motivator, money, was also at work. Well, after a bit Perkin came up with some interesting sludge, but one thing it wasn’t was artificial quinine, so he threw it down the sink, and discovered that he had invented the world’s first aniline dye. Made a million. Sometimes, though, you may be looking in the right direction, but you don’t see what’s happening. In 1778, just after you people had gone off on your own and left us with no more South Carolina pitch to put on the bottom of our ships to protect them from rot, the rather seedy ninth Earl of Dundonald in Scotland thought up a plan to recoup the family fortunes by getting tar out of the coal from a couple of mines on his land. This tar would replace the pitch and make Dundonald a rich man. Unfortunately, the British government had already shifted to copper-bottoming its ships, so Dundonald’s coal-heating kiln, where he made the tar, was useless, and so were the vapors he had been watching coming out of the kiln. In fact, he’d even been lighting them and generally playing around, shooting flames out of a tube. He happened to mention this to his friend James Watt, and three years later, Watt’s sidekick â€Å"invented† coal gas. Dundonald died in poverty. However, even when you get what you’re looking for and you know you’ve got it, things can go haywire. Take Benjamin Huntsman, clockmaker, looking for a better clock spring in 1740 because pendulum clocks were no good at sea and you needed a clock to work out longitude, and in an era of great maritime expansion east and west, longitude was kind of essential. Now Huntsman happened to live near a glass works, and he saw the glassmakers putting in chips of old broken bottles, doing hightemperature remelts, and coming out with really great glass. So he tried the trick with steel. It worked, and there was what he wanted, the world’s greatest spring. The point was, Huntsman’s steel would also cut anything you could think of, so what it did for the lathe, and machine tools in general, and micrometers, and precision engineering, and steam engine cylinders, and the whole Industrial Revolution was something nobody could ever have 10 The Legacy of Science reamed of-least of all Huntsman, who sat there saying, â€Å"What happened? † Sometimes the catalyst for major change will simply come in, totally unexpectedly, from outside your paradigm. Take the case of the compass. It came in from China via the Arabs in the twelfth century. Nothing much happened until Sir Francis Drake came back from over here complaining about the way the needle did funny things when you got across t o this side of the Atlantic. Queen Elizabeth’s doctor took time off (18 years) to look at why, and decided that the Earth was a gigantic magnet with poles. OK, so what? Well, to carry out his experiments, he built himself a lot of balls of various substances-lodestone, amber, sulfur, glass, and so on-to represent the Earth, so he could see what they did to his compass. As he busily rubbed these balls to make them attractive to his needle, he noted somewhat disinterestedly that sulfur was very attractive, and added a minor footnote to that effect. Around 1640 the mayor of Magdeburg in Germany, one Otto Guericke, read the aforesaid footnote and tried the trick again. While he was rubbing his sulfur ball one day to make it attractive, it cracked and gave off a spark, and-yes, you guessed it-electricity. From the compass. From China. Even if you’d spoken Chinese you wouldn’t have seen that one coming! One of the most common ways change is generated is through interaction between one factor and another, and usually in unexpected concatenations. Take the skills a goldsmith has. He’s good at working soft metals and using molten alloys, and the hallmark of a good goldsmith is just that, his hallmark, the punch that puts his impress on his work. If you are capable of seeing that punched image in reverse, you can see how to cast a shape in the pattern made by the punch. And the pattern could be a letter, in metal, which is why printing was invented by a goldsmith-that’s what Gutenberg was. This interaction that can lead to change is often caused by imbalance, a kind of domino effect. The well-known modern one is that of the superplants. They give great yield-better than the old, less productive types. But they replace variety with a monoculture, and, if disease hits that, you’ve got no fallback. That kind of domino effect-the knock-on effect of imbalance in one area upon another-gave us one of the major scientific 11 T h e Impact of Science o n Society discoveries in history. When cannons started being popular in the mid-fourteenth century, they pushed up the demand for metal, and that got people deeper into the ground than before. One of the things they found was that the deeper you go, the wetter it can get, and the old suction pumps wouldn’t lift the water up higher than about 30 feet. Well, this problem caused all sorts of grief until one of Galileo’s boys, called Torricelli, worked out that it had something to do with atmospheric pressure. A friend of a friend of his went up a mountain with a tube of mercury to see if pressures were different up there and down here. Well, they were, but what was the gap at the top of the tube full of mercury? It was the thing everybody said didn’t exist-the vacuum. And suddenly you had barometers, airpumps, a new view of interstellar space, and a very different basis for science. Now, the mechanism by which change can be generated isn’t by any means always a technology-technology interaction. Take the ultimate effect of the telescope. When Galileo looked through it he saw satellites circling Jupiter. That blew a hole in the Earth being the center of everything, took humanity off its special philosophical pedestal, and prepared the way for a universe that wasn’t arranged the way Aristotle had said, but the way Newton was to say-like a giant clock, running by itself, with God maybe long gone on other business. Religion took a knock from that from which it never fully recovered. The German mathematician and businessman Gottfried Leibniz, working on the planetary dynamic problem at the same time as Newton and looking at the kinds of mathematics you’d need to measure infinitesimal rates of change in movement, decided that he had his hands on a tool of cosmic philosophical significance. If you could measure that infinitesimally, were you getting to be able to measure the basic units of existence? If you were, said the philosopher Immanuel Kant a bit later, you could discover and measure the way all things shaded into all other things at that scale. The new philosophy became known as. naturphilosophie. Its concept of â€Å"oneness in all† spawned romantic poetry and music, nationalism, and revolutions including yours. It won’t surprise you to know that Jefferson wm a naturphilosophe. Naturphilosophie also helped to bring about modern medicine. In 1810 a French surgeon named Xavier Bichbt, another follower of the new philosophy, went looking for the vital, infinitesimally small bits in his I 12 T h e Legacy of Science business, and found body tissue-20 types of it. Incidentally, he set the fashion for grave robbing and also noticed that, if you were sick, changes showed up later on in the tissues of your unfortunate corpse. Maybe these happenings could be correlated. So pathological anatomy was born, and with it the modern idea of disease as a localized phenomenon, as well as the opportunity to look for, and find, bacteria. Canal building, spurred by the transportation needs of the industrial revolution in Britain at the beginning of the last century, turned up fossils in the strata they were cutting through. However, mysteriously, some of the fossils were of animals that didn’t exist any more, and most of the strata didn’t have fossilized humans in them. Well, here was a big problem! God was supposed to have made everything a t once, during creation, and yet here were some animals that obviously had failed, and no people back at the beginning of everything. So what was this-mistakes by God, with some things having been created later than others? Well, you know where that led. By the time the geologists had finished discovering that the extent of the entire fossil record through time was like an eyeblink compared with the age of the Earth, it was a simple matter for the whole thing to be organized into a new view of things by Darwin. This brings us to the materialist, physicalist world we live in today, where people maybe aren’t something special created by God in his own image but just a pile of chemicals. This is also a world where one interpretation of what Darwin meant by â€Å"the survival of the fittest† boosts rugged individualism and makes life not so easy on the underprivileged, and where his idea of â€Å"perfectable humans behaving according to laws like the rest of the organisms in nature† and, therefore, being part of societies that perhaps can be â€Å"changed for the better† is alive and well and regimented in the Siberian labor camps. I went through all those examples of change in action at length to give you a good idea why, when paradigms start to shift, the unexpected way they go is a shock to the system. This is why any time you do manage to produce a way of thinking or of doing things that seems to work well, you hang onto it. If you can work out a way to maximize what your society can do with the tools at its 13 T h e Impact of Science on Society disposal-give it the widest flexibility in terms of individual action and at the same time protect it from random, maverick action with some kind of rules-great. That’s why the institutions survive; they’re set up with the tools of the time and they’re systems that permit routinization of the group’s operating problems SO the individual members can get on with working or having fun while the institutions handle the day-to-day running of the place. So we keep the institutions that appear to do a good enough job because it’s easier than handling the problem of assessing how well whatever new tools you might have come up with could handle the same basic daily problems in radically restructured institutions. So never mind if the institutions don’t quite fit the new paradigm you’re moving into with your new tools; it’s better than experimenting. Corn, after all, is only corn because it’s stood the test of time. So most of the institutions we live with are, in some aspect or another, anachronistic. Take the law. Cross examination originated far from the courtroom, as a teaching technique in eleventh-century Italy for making sense out of old manuscripts. The technique was called glossing. Another institution, the language I’m speaking now, effectively froze when it was printed in grammars in the fifteenth century. The modern university started life as a place in twelfth-century Bologna designed to train lawyers to handle jurisdictional and property cases, particularly between the Pope and the Emperor. Many of the internal structures of our universities, at least in Britain, remain unchanged since that date. Representational government is something that was thought up in the eighteenth century when only the foolhardy few would risk the mud and the bandits to get to London or Philadelphia. We hang onto institutions as if they still meant what they did originally, as if the paradigm in which they originated hadn’t shifted. We accept politicians talking about what they can do to the economy as if the world still consisted of independent, separate sovereign states whose acts had no effect on each other, or as if the meaning of fundamental beliefs had not changed. One good example is yours: â€Å"Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† means nothing like what John Locke meant when he thought about it in the seventeenth century. Our freewheeling adaptation of t today would have shocked him rigid. â€Å"Liberty† for Locke meant 14 The Legacy of Scaence knowing and accepting where you stood in society and sticking to the rules that governed social class mobility, such as it was. â€Å"Happiness† meant amassing property and riches without being bothered by government! He would have thought we were living in anarchy. Be that as it may, we regard the institutions and their associated slogans as helping to preserve cohesion and stability in our paradigm-except that this is a cohesion and stability which is, as you’ve seen, at best transient. Once the French philosopher and permanent exile Rend Descartes got his hands on the way we in the West thought, stability and permanence went out the window. Before Descartes and his seventeenth-century paradigm shift, you said credo ut intelligam-I believe, and through my belief I come to understand. After him you switched it around: intelligo ut credam-give me the facts and I’ll let you know. In his great Disc o w s Sur la Methode (or, â€Å"how to think†), he gave us the modern approach. He called it methodical doubt. He said, â€Å"If they tell you it’s certain, call it probable. If it’s probable, call it possible, and if the deal is that it’s possible, forget it. † And Cartesian methodical doubt is the engine of the modern scientific world and the bringer of accelerating rates of change. So, where have we ended up? If the mechanisms of change are as serendipitous and as hard to second guess as I have suggestedand we are, thanks to Descartes and others, in a world of increasing rates of change-are there any lessons to be learned from the past to help us at least adapt? Is it true that those who are not prepared to learn from the past are condemned t o repeat it? Do we really only know where we’re going if we know where we’ve been? Well, there are repeating factors, back then, that seem to be present when change occurs, much the way cholesterol is with heart attacks, present and only maybe causative. First there’s the one that appears to be the most obvious, that change happens because you need it-â€Å"Necessity is the mother of invention† and all that. There’s an interesting study of Europe up through the late Middle Ages that seems to show that innovation happens and is taken up most in areas of marginal circumstances and stress, and least where things are pretty comfortable. Let’s look at the ancient Egyptians. When you’ve established the simple fact that once a year the Dog Star, Sirius, appears just 15 T h e Impact of Science on Society before dawn (after having been invisible for seventy days) and one day later the Nile floods and dumps fertilizer and water on the land, and that it does so with extraordinary exactness every year, you develop a calendar just to tell you which day Sirius is going to appear, dig your irrigation canals, and sit back. That’s all you need in the way of new tricks, so Egyptian society never changed after that initial step. It never needed to, in 3000 years. But the ancient Greeks? Well, put yourself in their position. In the eighth century B. C. you live on narrow coastal strips in what is now modern Turkey, in littIe city states with just enough to survive on. The weather is lousy and uncertain, and the barbarians are clobbering you with regularity. You’ve got to get out and trade, make a buck, just to keep going, so you think up ways of systematizing the method of hustling business. You look up at the sky, and what you see is not Sirius rising and nothing else; you see a great road map for your seaborne traders to use. You work out star tables to navigate by, and the more you look, the more you see that the permanent perfection of the night sky is a lot different from the temporary mess down here. So curiosity becomes a way of life. No wonder the Greeks invented their particular form of curiosity. (They called it philosophia. ) It’s what you get when you’re looking for answers. In a sense, it was Greek philosophy, born of their difficult circumstances, their desire for answers to questions, that started change happening in Western culture. What got it accelerating, though, was something else, and that’s the ease with which people communicated, moved ideas around. The easier you cross-talk, the faster change happens. Take medieval Europe. When the Vikings and the Saracens and the Hungarians stopped the rape-and-pillage stuff in the tenth century, people started coming out of the woodwork and building little roads toward each other and traveling along them. The next thing you know, you got the medieval water-powered industrial revolution, which kicked the European economy into high gear within three generations. In the Renaissance, a hundred years after the arrival of printing, you had 20 million books, most of them in specialties that could only exist when the specialists had a way of reading each others’ stuff. This gave us nothing less than the scientific revolution of the 16 The Legacy of Science sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and a slew of people talking the kind of incomprehensible stuff most of you live with in your area of expertise. Don’t be insulted; how much do you understand of the language of paleontology? Specialization is essential. I’d hate to have flown here in a plane designed by a plumber. To return to my point about communication, in the nineteenth century, after the development of electromagnetic systems for moving messages around (Le. , the telegraph and the telephone), the whole body of modern science emerges-in particular, physics. So, the ability to communicate seems to be a basic factor in the mechanism of change, and we have communications today that make earlier forms look like hieroglyphs painfully chiselled out in stone. New developments in areas like magnetic bubble domain memories and superconducting materials will enhance our ability to use data beyond anything we’ve even begun to think of. With our present facility for communication, we’re doing more of one particular trick than at any time before. And that trick, it seems to me, is putting things together. Let me suggest a new axiom: juxtaposition is the spice of life. Humanity’s biggest talent, unique t o us, is juxtaposing, finding and operating novel relationships between things or ideas. Indeed, at the turn of this century in Vienna, a group of thinkers who were to have a profound influence on Einstein (the positivists, led by Ernst Mach) came t o the conclusion that all science could talk about was relationships. This was after Michelson and Morley had failed to find the ether. You remember that up in Cleveland in the 1880’s the two of them were looking for a medium that would be the carrier of light, magnetism, and electricity. Everybody called this medium â€Å"ether. † Well, Michelson and his friend were trying to show that the two halves of a split light beam would come back together again, out of phase, because one-half had been shot in the direction of the Earth’s travel against the so-called stream of ether) and would take a while, and the other, which had gone perpendicular to the ether, and so wouldn’t suffer drag, would return early. Actually, there had been no difference at all. The beams arrived back simultaneously. Then Fitzgerald, in Dublin, made things worse by saying that this was because the forward motion of the Earth was contracting one part of the instrument exactly the right amount to give the 17 The Impact of Science on Society forward-moving beam a shorter route to travel, so it could get back exactly that much faster, and match its other half. And, the experiment could never be carried out without that happening. SO, whether or not there was an ether, you’d never be able to find out, since all you could get would be the local-effect results from your work. That led the positivists to state that science could only ever produce relative, not absolute, results. All you could talk about was relationships. But I mean relationships in a rather more limited sense-the sense of the way properly original thinking involves juxtapositions that have never happened before. Of all the mechanisms of change, it seems to me that this is the fundamental one, the on-the-spot local â€Å"fitting together† of disparate phenomena that comes up with the kind of changes I’ve been describing. This ability to juxtapose is not a very surprising one; it’s logical enough in the light of our own neurophysiology. Recent ideas on neural activity suggest that the brain operates in a very associative way, with small neuron clusters containing core concepts, rather in the way a battery holds a trickle charge. These core concepts would be irreducibly small fragments of sounds or sights, or any phenomena that you experience. And these clusters are all, in some way, apparently interconnected, set up in microcolumns and macrocolumns, each column made up ofmillions of these lit,tle clusters of neurons. Now, if you consider that the brain passes information by means of synaptic junctions (the bits where one neuron almost touches another) and that there are potentially more of those kinds of connections in the brain than there are atoms in the known universe, you get a feel for the immensity of the network. With this ssociative system, to retrieve data, you go in, so to speak, anywhere on the network and find the target by association. Given the scale of things, an associative approach might be the only way the whole huge complex could work. Anyway, retrieval by association would be a good survival mechanism, because it would make you very flexible. The other interesting thing about functioning in that associative way is that as you head along the associative links toward the target, you may become aware of other core clusters that you weren’t aware of before, because in a sense you simply drive through them. That, in the simplest sense, would be why the brain is 18 The Legacy of Science i capable of associative chains of thought like this one: look, see, water, glass, mirror, image, painting, oil, Arabs, desert, sand, castle, and so on. It’s why poetry works: â€Å"What oft was said but ne’er so well expressed. † Jokes appear to work like that too; the punch line makes an association you hadn’t thought of before, and you laugh because you didn’t get to the new associative link before the person telling the joke (which is bad for survival, but, as it turned out, you weren’t in any danger). Let me try what I mean. Take the concepts â€Å"bird† and â€Å"fruit. † All of you have those concepts associated in your own personal way in your network. I don’t know whether it’s like mine, with â€Å"bird† and â€Å"fruit† associated by â€Å"trees,† but let me see if I can put those two concepts together in a way that they’ve not been put together in your brain before, and we’ll see if my theory works. A drunk goes up to his host at a party and says, with all that clarity used by the very small and young: â€Å"Excuse me. Do lemons whistle? † To which his host replies: â€Å"No, lemons don’t whistle. Why do you ask? † And the drunk says, very chagrined: â€Å"Oh. In that case, I have just squeezed your canary into my gin and tonic. † You see what I mean. What I’m saying is that the basic mechanism of change-the juxtaposition, in a novel relationship, of apparently unrelated phenomena- may operate in the same way a good joke does! It may also be why change is almost always so serendipitous and unexpected-and hard to forecast. Given all I’ve said so far, let me be extremely speculative. We’ve seen how the model I’m talking about functions, and some of the ways in which it’s changed. We’ve seen how difficult it is from within the paradigm to see why moving to a new model would be beneficial-â€Å"Better to keep the devil you know. † We’ve seen that when paradigms are about to crack, there’s generally some social unrest going on. In Copernicus’s time it was barbecuing freethinkers (they called them heretics). With Darwin it was supposed to be the end of beliefs and standards. In the thirteenth century they said paper would devalue the words written on it, and for Gutenberg it was, â€Å"Printing will take away our memories. With us, it’s all the words you see in the media: alienation, frustration, me-generation, immorality, illiteracy, and so on. So is our paradigm about to go through some of the agonies I’ve 19 T h e Impact of Science o n Society been describing? Is it due t o shift? Well, obviously it is. But let me suggest that instead of moving to a radically new paradigm, we may, because of the tremendous faci lity for interaction that communications gives us, be moving to a no-paradigm culture. If a paradigm is, and has always been, a structure built on an agreed core of common beliefs, knowledge, value judgments, social constraints, and so on, then are we heading the opposite way, to a situation of no common agreed center, of shifting, pragmatic local standards, with failure of what we used to call consensus and regionalism globally on the increase again after the early years of P a x Americana, with the nation-state obsolete, and so on? We would be a society physically and psychologically fragmented, because with soft energy options and telecommunication, â€Å"centralization† and â€Å"economies of scale† (those catchwords of the last years of the Industrial-Revolution paradigm we’re coming to the end of) are no longer necessary. To those of us condemned to repeat the lessons of history because we won’t learn from them, what I’m describing sounds like a frightening prospect. Chaos is what it sounds like, but isn’t what’s happening just a paradigm shifting (like all the others did) because we’re ready for the shift? Change occurs ultimately because we want it to. We have the tools because at some time we decided we wanted them. These new tools, provided by science and technology, are more than just tools-they’re instruments of social revolution, violent or peaceful. As the tools change, so too does the ability of society to organize itself. Once we needed god-kings, or feudal lords, or absolute monarchs, or no sex before marriage, or empires, or 12-hour days, or whatever, to keep ourselves together. Now, maybe, we don’t need centralized social structures and rigid regulatory mechanisms any more. We are, after all, as Immanuel Kant said, creatures of the imperative. If the ethics start to get in the way, we dump them. But let’s take a brief look at the kind of behavioral social dumping we may be up against with some of the possible results of our newfound abilities t o initiate change much more readily and rapidly because we can juxtapose things inside the computer, where we have a facility for juggling the mix like never before, at a rate and in volume almost astronomical. And, by the way, for those of you who feel nice and safe because of the old sayings â€Å"Garbage 20 The Legacy of Science in, garbage out† and â€Å"A machine is only as good as the people punching the buttons,† try some of the newer heuristic systems that learn from their own experience. The main thing, it seems to me, is to remember that technology manufactures not gadgets, but social change. Once the first tool was picked up and used, that was the end of cyclical anything. The tool made a new world, the next one changed that world, the one after that changed it again, and so on. Each time the change was permanent. Using the tool changes the user permanently, whether we like it or not. Once when I was in Moscow talking to academician Petrov, I said, â€Å"Why don’t you buy American computers to get you into space quicker and more effectively? † He replied, â€Å"No fear; they’d make us think like Americans. † You only have to go back a few years in this century to see how our gestalt, our way of behaving, our values, have been changed by science. If I say just a few names, you’ll get my point: the Pill, calculators, jet airplanes, television. Take those examples and look at their secondary social effects. Yes, the Pill has made family planning feasible, but now the Third World regards it as a suspicious imperialist Western trick to keep their numbers down while we go on with our â€Å"economic imperialism. † Calculators have changed the meaning of testing people in certain kinds of knowledge, which we need to do to ensure publicly accepted standards of professional ability. Jets mean people can now fly and visit the ends of the Earth, but they also mean that we export our way of life and our sometimes unacceptable value systems to places that neither want nor need them. Television makes my life one of totally vicarious experiences. It gives me packaged glimpses of the world beyond my horizons, takes away my comfortable preconceptions, and replaces them with glossy, quick-fix substitutes that are even less good to me than my preconceptions were. All I know now is that I don’t know! To get back to my â€Å"dumping† idea, you see how the gadget changes more than just what the ad says it will do. With our rates of change, the only constant in our paradigm may well become change itself. All you can be sure of about tomorrow is that it will go on being different, and, if you’re lucky, only at the same accelerating rate. Above all, the judgmental systems from the old paradigms may 21 The Impact of Science on Society not work in that world. Today we are, in fact, the last of the old world, living with institutions that are already creaking, facing twenty-first-century problems with nineteenth-century attitudes. Most of us find difficult to accept what we might have to dump. We face questions like these: If criminality is caused by XYY chromosomes, who do you blame for a crime, and why do you punish at all? When everybody has a home computer work station, what happens to unions, the infrastructure that runs the roads and transportation systems, the community life that â€Å"work in a central location† means, the new isolation of being alone most of the time? If data banks carry all the knowledge we possess, to be accessed at need, what will be the purpose of memory, of â€Å"knowing† anything? And what happens if what you got from the machine yesterday (what we’ll call â€Å"what you know†) is different when you go back to the machine today? If you have no expertise because expertise is no longer necessary, what are you left with? If technology provides virtually free energy, with the ability to turn anything into anything else (which we can already doit’s just too expensive to be feasible), and we no longer need the raw materials we used to because we can now make them, what happens to the materials producers in the Third World? Unlimited energy, the so-called philosopher’s stone, brings far more questions than answers. Not the least of these is the new importance it will have for the planetary heat budget, which at the moment is pretty much only the business of nature. Well, my guess is (and here I remind you of the unquestionable value of any guess made from within the inevitable limitations of our paradigm) that we’re all headed for one of two kinds of future. In one future, we take on the new data systems the way we took on all the other tools in the past, with a view to making them do what we’ve always done up to now, only better, faster, and cheaper. In this case, I think we’re in for a dose of Luddite reaction as our social structures fail to take the strain of that much shift that fast in the working habits of the population, not to mention 22 The Legacy of Science the redundancies that come if all you do is replace people with machines. The other problem with that old-paradigm approach is, of course, that you do what Bell up at Yale says, and turn into a two-class society. You have the numerate, who have access t o and ability to maximize use of the data systems, and you have the leisured serfs, who don’t, and who get paid for a 10-hour week with nothing to do but wish they knew how to use their spare time. It has often been said that the public doesn’t appreciate the speed with which things have developed in data systems. I like the analogy that if your Rolls Royce had done what computers have done over the last 20 years, it would cost a dollar and do a million miles to the gallon. People, I think, just don’t understand the velocity with which this new post-Gutenberg era is coming toward us. The other future I mentioned is a good deal more difficult to forecast. It’s very much up in the air. All I can do is to be extremely speculative again. I suppose what I’m suggesting is a crash restruchring of the educational system. I’ve been a teacher myself, so I know how easy this is to say and how difficult to do. However, if we were to manage some kind of interdisciplinary curriculum that taught people not the facts, which would be obsolete before they used them, but how to use the data systems to juxtapose, to look for relationships in knowledge, to see patterns in the way things happen and affect their lives, then perhaps we would be moving toward a very different type of society, one free of a central paradigm at all. After all, the only need there ever was for a paradigm was based on the strictures placed on society by its contemporary tools-or rather, lack of them. Now we have a tool-electronic data systems-that could lift almost all of those strictures from us, that could create a society that might be pluralistic in the extreme, lacking in any of the virtues we now ascribe to concensus, materialistic in every sense, highly articulate, what we would call unethical and immoral (what it would call pragmatic), selfsufficient (what we would call isolationist), libertarian (what we would call permissive), and above all, open-minded, curious, and tolerant. Sounds like a weird mix? Well, you asked me here to speculate. But in one sense it‘s what we’ve been heading for all along-a kind 23 T h e Impact of Science on Society of controlled anarchy, kept in balance by the electronics. It’s the truest version yet of what John Locke meant by â€Å"the unfettered pursuit of happiness by every man. † And if the vision bothers you, remember that once we decide that the paradigm is shifting, we adapt extremely quickly. Your great-grandmother, after all, would have thought you a drug addict for taking an aspirin. Question: You discussed the future paradigm as perhaps being nonexistent. Is it possible that the paradigm might be evolving just as human evolution evolved to the point where it is reaching its own sense of oneness with its future? In other words, we are part of the paradigm and the paradigm is what is evolving. We are part of the evolution. Answer: The great thing about that question is that it’s unanswerable. I mean, by definition it’s shear speculation again. All we can do is talk about it because we’re inside the paradigm. These wild speculative guesses are set in concrete because they’re within my paradigm. If they sound wild you should hear what happens if you come from another planet. Question: At the end of your talk you quoted Locke and said we should all seek our own happiness. Happiness is a paradigm. We all live in dreams. Every person has his own idea of what happiness is. We have paradigms that are imposed on us by the world, but we each have our own paradigm. I don’t know what human life means without dreams that are paradigms. Answer: Yes, I think that’s very well said. All I was suggesting was that this might become more possible than in the past. I didn’t mean that you lose your paradigm. I meant that perhaps your paradigm becomes a little less constrained by everybody else’s paradigm. Question: As scientists working for the government we are often asked to forecast what new inventions we might come up with over the next year. I wonder what implications that has for our role in bringing innovation into the world. Answer: I think it’s a superb example of what I was talking about. The government decides to make you decide what you’re 24 The Legacy of Science going to discover, and if you don’t come up with it you lose the grant! Question: Of all the countries you’ve worked in, which one, in your opinion, provides the best education, and, in particular, how do you view education in the United States? Answer: That sure sounds like a quick way t o get my head chopped off! I think educational systems tend to be structured according to the societies in which they work. I mean, our educational system in England is extremely difficult, different from yours, and very elitest. A very small percentage of us go to university, and we’re used to choosing the subject that we study at university a t the age of 16. We specialize in only two subjects from ages 16 to 18, and we then take a national examination in those two or three subjects. Only one of those subjects is what we go to university for, if we pass a competitive examination to get a place at the university, and the ratio is usually about three or four hundred people to each place. Now, we have to have an elitest educational system like that because we are very small and we’ve become quite poor ever since we lost the jolly old empire. If we didn’t have that kind of high-quality turnout we wouldn’t have enough people producing enough stuff on the market for us to sell anything to anybody. So I think we have an elitest educational system not because it’s a hangover from the old imperial days, but because if we don’t produce a very, as it were, sharp-edged elite intellectually, we won’t be able to compete with giants like you on the market. Question: I would like to ask whether the, what shall I say, elite in Britain and perhaps in Western Europe believe in full employment not merely because of the necessity for having the things that people produce when they’re fully employed, but rather as occupational therapy for the masses, around the idea that idle hands do the devil’s work, and that whereas intellectuals can keep their minds occupied and out of mischief, the common man is not capable of this. George Orwell said something like this (and it’s not something I agree with), but I would remark that Eric Hoffer said the common man was lumpy with talents and could do all kinds of things besides produce goods and shouldn’t be viewed merely as a production machine. Can you speak to that, sir? 25 T h e Impact of Science o n Society Answer: Well, I can’t speak for all of Europe, but I think the French probably think that full employment’s essential and they’ve had four devaluations of the franc as a result. It seems to me that full employment is a relatively new phenomenon. We’ve slid over into economics, and I’m extremely worried-I think anybody with any sense and honesty always is, in that subject. However, I believe I’m right in saying that full employment is a twentiethcentury phenomenon. The concept didn’t exist to any great extent at all prior to that. And I think it probably came at the tail end of a very healthy, burgeoning post-Industrial Revolution in both America and Europe. I think what we’re seeing now is a transition period to what Bell calls a post-industrial society, and it’s a period aided and abetted, of course, by the recession, which is caused not by the fact that we can’t switch paradigms but because oil costs a great deal. I think the situation, fortunately for me, is so confused that no clear statement can be made on it by me or anybody else except a politician. Question: If I understand you correctly, it seem5 to me that you’re putting out the impression that our technology is running away from our society. In other words, it’s speeding up at a rate that we can’t quite keep up with. In the past, when this has happened to societies, some major upheaval has occurred, whether it be sociological or financial, economical, or revolutionary, like wars. Do you have any idea what is going to cause us t o catch up with our rapidly advancing technology? Answer: Well, I think part of what I said earlier indicates what I think about that. First let me just dispel any idea that I believe in the so-called force of technology. I mean, technology is what people do. You invent the tool because you want it, or because you perceive an imbalance or a need, or you’re just greedy. You say, â€Å"I want this piece of technology,† and it comes into existence and you use it. I think society gets technology as it gets governments that it deserves. Sometimes, but not very often, technology tends to go a little faster than our ability to keep up with it. I’m not sure that this has happened to any great extent in the past, but I’m sure that it’s about to happen now. I think anybody with any sense would recognize that electronic data systems are going to make a quantum leap in terms of the effect of juxtapositioning, as I said earlier. As to what we can do about it, it seems to me that the 26 The Legacy of Science only way to get into it is through the educational process. It’s too quick, and you can’t have a quick-fix answer. It’s no good teaching us what to do. I think you’ve got to begin with the children who are 4 years old now and start the process there. As I said, I just hope some teachers who are better than I am at organizing this kind of thing in education, which is tremendously difficult, will get on with it, but I can’t see any other way of doing that. We are up against a period of very difficult transition. Question: Being somewhat of a video game fanatic, I’ve noticed that extremely small children play video games much better than anyone else. They’re well adapted to the electronic age because they have far fewer preconceptions, apparently. The way things are going, it looks as if things are going to get less and less expensive and more and more reachable in terms of the spread of technology and the spread of knowledge. Everyone can learn. Even if we can’t feed everybody in India, we can teach them all how to read. Pretty soon everybody will have his own terminal. Now, over the years, one of the major complaints of the Third World, even the Third World in the United States, has been that they never had the chance to get a leg up because they were deprived from the start. So, could it be possible now that we really will achieve a parity of sorts because everybody will have the same chance once this technology becomes more equally spread? Answer: Well, it depends entirely on what regulations are applied to the use of the technology. If I live in a totalitarian state and I produce a computer you can bet the people who use it are going to use it in a very different way than they use it in Spokane. As Pe