Platos Reflection on Metaphysics Essay Example for Free

Platos Reflection on Metaphysics Essay A combination of the Greek word, meta, which translates to â€Å"after,† â€Å"beyond,† â€Å"along with,† â€Å"among,† and â€Å"behind,† and the Latin term, physica, that simply means the science of matter and physical properties. Philosophers refer to this term to theorize about the different elements of the world in which we live and the world that truly exists. One of the most prominent philosophers is Plato, who set the foundation for many modern philosophers on their perspective of reality through reason. Plato believed in two separate realities; the physical and the immaterial. He claimed that a dividing line existed between the two worlds, and the immaterial or intelligible is of more importance in the discovery of truth than the physical properties of our world. Comprised of intangible properties but that can be seen through logic, the immaterial world is grasping the reason behind the idea of an object and separating those elements from the subject. Plato explicates the physical world as anything or objects that is identified by one of our five senses. Within the physical world are two subsets, image and tangible object. Image refers to the shadow or reflection of the image. In addition, the physical object is self explanatory; the object distinguished by touch, taste, smell, or sight. Although primarily disconnected, the two worlds cannot exist without each other and the knowledge that pertains to both. For example, Plato utilizes a ball as the subject to form an analogy of the collaboration between the two realities. From childhood, we are taught that a ball is a ball based on others perception and knowledge of it; not our original thought. The ball exists in the world of appearances, physical. However, its intangible properties such as, roundness, exist on a parallel plane. Plato describes that plane as the world of Forms. In an effort to further enlighten us, Plato sets guidelines for the properties to forms. First, forms are objective; ideas exist through reason and not experiential. Objects that we perceive are reliant upon our experiences and verbal confirmation of the object and not the actual perspective of the object. Therefore, one can surmise that our senses are isleading, and the reality in which we live is different from others and the true reality. Next, forms are transcendent. The property remains true in spite of time and space. Third, forms are eternal. As aforementioned, Plato believes forms are unchanging; true concept behind an object is unchanging, redness. The form is separate from our subjective image. True comprehension lies in individually analyzing each separate form that comprises the object an d identifies it as what we perceive it as. Forth, forms are models; truest essence of an idea to which an object copies the form and combines it with other elements to create a copied version of a sample of the form. Fifth, forms are intellectual species; can only be determined through reason separating the being from the object. Lastly, forms are perfection. In its purest state, a form is a singular entity. A material object collects bits of forms and its perfection making the object itself impure. A material object cannot be perfect in its existence because it is but an imitation of several forms that only alone are perfect. Plato’s concept of reality or the simultaneous existence of the two realities are at best intriguing and worthy of exploring. However, as he himself stated, we can never come in direct contact with the immaterial world. Therefore, how can true knowledge be acquired or ascertained? Once again, it is not until we are no longer part of this world that we may finally discover the truth behind this vast universe and the world or worlds in which we reside.

The Role Of Global Leadership Management Essay

The Role Of Global Leadership Management Essay A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way, and shows the way. According to Peters ducker leadership is not about a list of some qualities, attributes, charisma and it cant be same in all the leaders, its all about delivery of performance, the way managers present, solve issues and have got the ability to make other people work in a right way. Leadership is not always about consequences in between leader and followers and it wont be consider as affective leadership if there is lack of consequences in between leader and followers, On the other hand it doesnt mean that followers always think and believe that whatever leader says is right. example of good team and leader is that whenever leader is wrong, followers should raise the point with the appropriate knowledge and logic and on the other hand leader If think any doubt about his planning he should take valid points in to consideration and try to accept and amend it. When person start saying he doesnt know here learning starts and person who is a good listener is always a good leader. There are 3 styles of leadership which are as follow: a) Authoritarian or autocratic: ( I Want Both Of U To à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) This style is specifically use when leaders tell their employee that they want this done and in that time period usually in such cases all the information is ready or available. This condition is suitable when employees has al the relevant information to solve the problem o rleader is short on time and employees are well motivated. Some people think that this style is yelling style, like ordering rather then working as a team. b) Participative (Democratic): (Lets Work Together To Solve This à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) This style involves the leader to include one or more employees in the decision making process in terms of what to do and how to do? However leader maintains the final decision making authority but on one hand it shows weakness of the leader that he doesnt have full knowledge, but its always not necessary that leader should have all the knowledge of the problem. If leaders use this style its mutual benefit on one hand it allows leader to become part of a team and on the other hand allows leader to make better decision. c) Delegative (Free Reign): (You Two Care Of The Problems While I Go) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) In this style managers allow employee to take decision but still leader has the power of final decision and he can apply this practice only if he trust his employees in such a way that even if they take wrong decision so he will be responsible. In a whole task you cant do everything you must allocate certain tasks to employees. Normally good leaders apply all the three styles in their work it just depend on the nature of work and time that which style has to follow and in leadership, leader should never be so soft that its so easy for employee to mould it and never be so hard that could easy to break. Before discussing about global leadership skills its important to have some reviews on leadership skills first to get the appropriate vision of global leadership skills. A leader is a dealer in hope. (Napoleon Bonaparte) Some of the leadership skills are as follow: 1; Cognitive Skills 2: Interpersonal Skills 3: Business Skills 4: Strategic Skills 1: Cognitive skills can be explain as the base of leadership skills because of the characteristics involved in it such as collecting, processing, disseminating information and learning, leader has to involve in all those activities. Leader has to be good in oral communication as speaking he should be able to deliver or convey his message accurately that what and why it needs to be accomplish. Apart from speaking he should be a good listener on the other hand to listen questions and reply accurately in time to achieve the desire task. both of these qualities accomplish communication skill. his written skill plays vital role as well he should be a good in writing in terms of delivering his message and also can read well in order to understand and achieve tasks which are required.Active learning is also one of the characteristics which is very important in leadership. leader should be fast learner, should have the ability to act on emergent, non routine and dynamic situations at the job . 2: Interpersonal and social skill is another important step of the leadership skills as its related with interacting and influencing others. it comes in the category, as referred by the previous researches as social capacities, social judgement, social complexity and differentiation and human relation. its all about of understanding other people behaviour, why they react on such situations and their performance under pressure work environment. it involves coordination of actions and negotiating to reconcile differences among employee perspectives and establish mutually satisfying relationships. With this skill its also make people to believe and influence in such a way to accomplish organizational tasks more effectively. 3: Business Skills specifically use for managing personal resources of the business and to develop, motivate, identify and promote employees the way they work as well as management of financial resources and organizations unit. Strategic Skills are highly conceptual and based on strategies which leader has to implement at the required time in the organization for affective results. sometime they have to forecast such situations and has to prepare strategies. This include important planning and visioning of future situations. Strategic skill is also problem solving component which identifies problem and become increasingly important for these jobs to identify problems and make necessary steps to solve it. Aims and Objective The reason Toyota is been chosen is because of its size, growth, strategies as a multi national company its leadership skills. In such a big company it will be easy to discuss different points and theories with examples .Basic aim of the project is to see how leadership skills affects companys business, how good and bad leadership makes difference, how with the help of their strategies and leadership skills they have reached to the success heights. Here we will also outline the role of leader globally as in terms of his/her skills in a multi national organization. Their responsibilities, duties and skills that should exist as part of their personality. We discuss about leadership skills above, which are more or less similar to the qualities of global leadership qualities in multi national organization. Role of Global Leadership Organization is basically planned, understood, coordinated and purposeful action of human beings to produce a product can be tangible or intangible but this product market limited just in the country however multinational organization is group of people who can produce and market product not only inside the country but abroad as well on international basis. so its very obvious that the nature of business and number of problems will be less if compared with multinational organization so similarly responsibilities and duties of local company leader will be less then the global leader, take an example of a Local company for example Ashwin Travellers they have got their branches in different cities of UK so the responsibility of its manager will be far less then the responsibilities of a multi national organization for example Toyota. Well according to some writers there is no such thing as global manager, Usually multinational companies hired three kind of persons in multinational companies Business manager Country manager Functional manager and Corporate manager . 1: Business Manager :- consist of three parts which are Strategist + Architect + Coordinator. One of the responsibility of global business manager is to improve companies global scale efficiency and competitiveness. In this task business manager has to recognize the current and future opportunities of the company that how can they make profit in long term goals apart from that he has to take in to consideration the global market risks and competitors across the borders and before making any strategic plan or decision he should have knowledge of all those risks and factors which could affect their plans as in whole. His job is to take full advantage of the integrated worldwide operations. As in Toyota, they have got different brands in different countries but its not necessary that all models are famous in all regions of the world they have to observe the demand and supply graph or look over the sale graph of different models in different countries after that they can assess well that which product/model needs marketing efforts on the other hand increase the supply of the mode ls which are selling out faster for example according to the search in Toyota Yaris, Avensis and Lexus are more famous and use in Uk at the moment on the other hand in middle east Toyota Jeeps, Toyota Corolla, Toyota Hilux and Land Cruiser are more famous so in comparison of both it totally needs different market strategies and demand and supply chain so all these factors should take in to consideration and related to the job of business manager to keep an eye on these factors and take accurate decisions at the right time. Three roles should be played very affectively by the business manager firstly act as a strategist for his organization, and architect of its worldwide assets and resource configuration, and should have an idea of transactions across the national borders. Al Cabito Group Vice President , sales administration, Toyota motor sales provide great insights into Toyotas emerging build to order strategy. Toyotas annual profit in 2003 were $8.13 billions, much more then combine income of GM, Ford and Chrysler and the biggest profit of the auto makers in the last decade. so all this profit and high production is because of excellence in strategies and architect with coordination which consider as the key of Business manager. 2: Country Manager :- consist of three parts Sensor + Builder + Contributor. National subsidiaries are always use building block for most of the world wide companies. If on one hand global business manager job is to achieve global scale efficiency and competitiveness on the other hand job of country manager is to activate his market sensors 24/7, 365 days a year in order to get a clear vision of the sensitiveness and response of the local market. the job of countrys manager is not only to meet customer needs but also required satisfaction of the host government requirements and defend their position in the market against local and external competitors. As Business manager, country manager has to fulfil 3 vital job aspects. He should be sensor and interpreter of the local market opportunities and threats as in risk, should be the builder of all the local resources and capabilities, and act as a contributor too and to act as active participant in the global strategy. Country manager job activities should be very fast and accurate as in terms of gathering and transferring information regarding market reports in terms of risks, demand and supply of the product, because all those local information plays important role in big decisions and strategic planning. This act matches to one of Toyotas principle Right process produces Right results In terms of Toyota, Ken Elliot, Service parts centre, national manger shared a lot in making Toyota Way Culture in a new parts of distribution centre. As auto maker industry job of country manager isnt easy as because of the different brands of different countries in the market. In UK alone there are approximate 55 car manufacture so its mean every week each car maker comes up with new model, price and warranty. so for this purpose country managers sensor should be working fast and on top of that its fast and accurate delivery. He should be active as in terms of contributor as well should have the knowledge of all market reports in terms of contributing. 3: The Functional Manager:- consist of 3 parts Scanner + Cross Pollinator + Champion. The above two managers have come in to their own well in case of Functional manager have to get recognition in many multinational companies through them. functional manager support staff roles, excluded from important meetings, and even dismissed unnecessary overhead. Organizations who build a culture of learning to create and spread innovations needs such skills to transfer with the connection of scare resources and capabilities across national borders. The above objective is very important and to achieve this functional manager at his best practice has scan specialized information worldwide and champion innovations that may offer transactional opportunities and applications. Innovation, basically start with new opportunity or market threat to the manger for example technological development, pending government regulation, when any of the above situation arises around the world corporate head quarter take it very lightly if viewed in isolation but when scanner serves by a functional manager with the reason that expertise should find any trends and move knowledge across the boundaries then the person can transform piecemeal information in to strategic intelligence. Take an example of Toyota it starts with big 5 seated car in the past but with the passage of time they have seen the people demand changing to small cars so on the other hand, they have started production of small cars with smaller engines. Recent example of innovation is Toyota green car which run on electricity, the reason of its production and spending loads of money on its research is just to attract customers and capture the market as they have realised the market demand earlier. 4: Corporate Manager :- Consist of 3 parts Leader + Talent scout + Developer. This is crystal clear that there is no single model for Corporate manager neither the old line international specialist manager not even today any generalist can handle the modern day complexities of cross border strategies. corporate managers deals with many levels of responsibility playing the most vital role in transactional management. Corporate manager always lead in broadest sense and they always realise and identifies the importance and develop the talented business, country and functional managers and balance the negotiation among the three. its in the hand of corporate managers to develop and promote strong managerial specialists who have got the ability to give vision to the strategies around the world. The very first step as a senior executive is to identify those in the organization who have potential and ability to become a global manager. broad vision, deep understanding of the business, country and functional task. Their will be other talented managers in the organization but all of them are not flexible with all combinations discussed above especially when it comes to cross border coordination and integration. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The above research is based on Global leadership skills, but before starting major of global leadership it was essential firstly to give a brief description of general leadership and its skills in normal organization and after words major portion was done relating to the base of this assignment. For this research different articles, journals and books have been referred to retrieve the quality data in order to deliver accurate and up to date information. Athens has played a vital role in the accomplishment of this data, its the same online service which is not only use around the world but is also used by UK education community, NHS and The British Council. To explain and portray the crystal clear image of the topic company which has been selected after a deep research is Toyota and tried hard to explain points related to the companys situation. LIMITATIONS There are few limitations which are explain as follow: 1: Interview were require from the Toyota companies higher rank employee regarding their growth, expansion and strategies, which unfortunately, wasnt possible. 2: Analytical data would have been more help full and would have explain few more points clearly regarding the affect of good global leader strategies in terms of graphs and tables. 3: Interview were require from some regular customers of Toyota who are using this product since ages, their feed back could have some add on in the research work CONCLUSION There is at least one point in the history of any company when you have to change dramatically to rise to the next level of performance. Miss that moment and you start to decline. (Andy Grove) Organization is like a horse, just like horse need a good rider same as organization needs a good leader to run up to its maximum capacity, see long term goals, give vision to the strategies around the world. Effective leadership of the company is essential for every organization in the world of today. Global leadership requires not only training but also vast amount of experience and confident to run the company in its difficult time. As its not essential that global leadership should be the same as discuss in the above reading because thousands of research has been done on this topic by various writers and especially now a days where companies arent limited to production of units it has been expanded to services as well so in terms of services role of global leader can be different up to some extent, in that case information technology and knowledge management plays vital role. The success of Toyota which has been discussed above is not only because of their leadership skills but it about the organization culture as well the way they have created that culture which they named as The Toyota Way and also 14 principles of Toyota. Person in any company name as Business manager Country manager Functional manager and Corporate manager considered to different person for different jobs but this can be done by one person depending up on his contacts, experience and the way he performed his duties. Role of local leader is no more different then the role of global leader but just add on some extra powers and when extra powers comes it doesnt come alone it always come with greater responsibility.

Financial Analysis Of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc Finance Essay

Financial Analysis Of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc Finance Essay Krispy Kreme Financial Analysis Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc is business that is involved in retail and wholesale of packaged sweets and doughnuts. Its initial business is franchising and also owning Krispy Kreme stores. At the beginning of 2010, they had 224 outlets in America and 358 shops all over the world. The company has four segments of operation; company stores, KK supply chain, international franchise stores and also stores franchised in America. In Krispy Kreme depreciation analysis, there are various methods used to calculate depreciation and these methods include; units of production, double declining balance and straight line (Warren 2008). Krispy Kreme uses the straight line method to calculate depreciation on their assets such as buildings, equipment, machinery and also leasehold equipments. The straight line method of calculating depreciation results in a constant annual depreciation charge.They make a breakdown of depreciation of all their assets and it consists of buildings, equipment, machinery, leasehold improvement, construction that are in progress and also land. In 2002, the total gross property and equipment was $156,484,000 and in 2003 it was $252,770,000. What had accumulated depreciation was $43,907,000 in 2002 and $50,212,000. Finding the net property and equipment is calculated by taking the gross amount for equipment and property and subtracting the depretiation that has accumulated. Krispy Kreme also uses SFAS-142 to account for all the intangible assets. In this method, intangible assets that have indefinite life are not amortized, since they will be subject to impairment test. By using SFAS-142 it results in more volatility in the reported income since impairment losses can occur irregularly in varying amounts. In the reports it is clear that, in reporting Operating Cash Flows Krispy Kreme uses the Indirect Method. In 2001 the money that was provided for operating activities was $32,112, 000 and the money allocated for dividends was $7,005,000. The money that was used for operating activities was more than the paid for dividends. The company decided it will pay cash dividends in 2002 and 2003. The item used in reconciling the difference that is between net income and cash flow from operations is the increase from expenses of $7,966,000, while in 2002, the highest value item in reconciling the difference between net income and cash flow from operations was $13,317,000 increase in receivables; in 2003, the highest value item that was used to reconciling the difference between net income and cash flow from operations is the tax benefit from the exercise of nonqualified stock options which was $13,795,000. The highest amount for investing activities was $37,310 for additions to property and equipment. In 2003, the highest amount for investing activities is $83,196 and was used for additions to property and equipment. So, cash outflow in investing activities increased in 2003. The highest amount for financing activities in 2002, is the cash inflow of $17,202 these are the proceeds from stock sale. In 2003, the highest amount for financing activities is the $2,170 cash outflow that is meant to repay the companies long term debt. There is an improvement in Liquidity from 2002 to 2003, this is evident by the increase in the cash flow provided to operating activities which increased from $36,210 in 2002 to $51,036 in 2003. The Company funds the capital requirements by using the cash that is generated from the business operations. As it is well stated in the report, We funded our capital requirements for fiscal 2000, 2001, and 2002 primarily through cash flow generated from operationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Over the past three years, we have greatly improved the amount of cash we generate from operations. We believe our cash flow generation ability is becoming a financial strength and will aid in the expansion of our business. By the using the financial ratios, Krispy Kreme has a good financial healthy with a lot of growth prospects in the market; in using the Liquidity Ratios, The Companys Current ratio has grown from 1.94 in 2002 to 2.36 in 2003. The Quick ratio has grown from 1.63 for 2002 to 1.96 for 2003. Cash ratio has grown from 0.42 for 2002 to 0.54 for 2003. The increase in liquidity ratios in the years 2002 and 2003 is an indicator that company has improved in ability to repay short term debt and also good message to the company investor and prospective investors. In the Long Term Solvency Ratios, the Total Debt ratio for Krispy Kreme has grown from 0.27 for 2002 to 0.33 for 2003, and the Debt-to-Equity ratio has grown from 0.36 for 2002 to 0.50 for 2003. An increase in Debt-to-equity ratio is an indicator that company uses debts to run its operation. As the cost of debt is less than the cost of equity so WACC of the company will reduce down. A high debt-to-equity ratio puts a company at the risk of solvency if the debt is not managed. The Times Interest earned ratio has dropped from 127.25 for 2002 to 31.75 for 2003. High increase in debt-to-equity ratio and drop in Times Interest earned ratio are indicators that the company ability to pay its long term debt is put into question. The Asset Utilization Ratios for Krispy Kremes Inventory Turnover, has decreased from 22.49 for 2002 to 18.83 for 2003 and the Day Sales for Inventory has increased from 18.61 for 2002 to 23.31 for 2003. This is an indicator the inventory is not as well managed in 2003 as it was done in 2002. The Receivables Turnover ratio has decreases from 16.87 for 2002 to 16.05 for 2003 and the Day Sales in Receivables has increased from 24.89 for 2002 to 25.52 for 2003. The Total Assets Turnover ratio has also deteriorated from 1.85 in 2002 to 1.48 in 2003. The ratio indicates efficiency of utilization of assets has reduced in 2003. In the Profitability Ratio for Krispy Kreme, although the companys Profit Margin has increased from 6.69% for 2002 to 6.81% for 2003, the Return on Assets has declined from 10.33% to 8.16%, and also the Return on Equity have also gone down from 14.06% to 12.25%. But EPS of Krispy Kreme has increased from 0.49 for 2002 to 0.61 for 2003, which is a rise of 24.5%. Companys profit margin and EPS have both increased in 2003 when compared to 2002; this is even when the increase in profit margin is not significant. Krispy Kreme has been able to generally control its costs of sales. The Costs of sales are growing slower than the growth in sales. The growth in the operating expenses is less than growth of sales in both years 2002 and 2003. In 2002 and 2003 percentage increase in income tax is higher than percentage change in sales. The Net profit increase in percentage terms is more than the increase in the amount of sales increase. This is an indicator that there is an efficient operation of Krispy Kreme. Increase in percentage of the General and Administrative Expenses is more than increase in sales in both years 2002 and 2003. The company say that this is the case due to the massive expansion program that they have embarked on and thus they have incurred cost by hiring more employees by paying their salaries and other related costs. The number of shares which are outstanding has increased from 54,271 thousand to 56,295 thousand in 2003; this is a rise of 3.73%. Krispy Kreme has allowed 10,000 shares of preferential stock but has not gone forward to issue them. There have not been any dividend payments since 2001 by Krispy Kreme. Therefore the Yield from Dividend s is 0% for 2002 and 2003. There is an increase in Earnings per share from $0.49 for 2002 to $0.61 in 2003; this is an evidence of potential for the growth of the company. The assets of the company have also grown in 2003. This helps to indicate that Krispy Kremes stock is a Growth Stock and helps to explain the investors have not been paid any dividend. This is well stated in the report as is well explained, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦We intend to retain our earnings to finance the expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable futureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Dividend Payments are restricted by our bank credit facilitie s to 50% of our net income for the immediately preceding fiscal year Like a lot of companies globally, there is an increase in the number of challenges that affect operations of all companies in the market. Some of the challenges that are facing Krispy Kreme are; increase in competition, there are changes in customer preferences and tastes, the abilities of Krispy Kreme to manage growth, the quality of the franchise stores that are in operations, also the delays in the opening of stores and changes in technology. The price and also the availability of the raw materials necessary to run their operations is also a major challenge to Krispy Kreme. The human resource that is hired by the company is the most important asset and thus they should ensure that they help the company to overcome all the challenges. The staff must work hard by developing strategies that position Krispy Kreme for success in the future. The management must drive the company to success, this will be possible by the managing accounting ensuring they maintain well and report all the f inancial results to the managers. These reports should be both nonfinancial and financial reports and in them they should include; projections, company estimates and forecasts. Krispy Kreme is a company that is growing well and has a health financial position. The company has a solid capital investment worldwide and its cash flow is commendable. The cash flow is used to fund a lot of operations and is very important to the company. The Improvement in liquidity ratio is a good sign for the company and a growth by 24.5% in EPS shows that the company is growing. The decision by the company not to pay dividend in 2002 and 2003 is wise since the company has embarked on expansion program. The major concern is the ability of the company to service its long term debts; the company should also improve its utilization of assets and efficiently manage its inventory.

Democracy Essay example -- American Government, Politics, California

Democracy has many important values that we see practiced in democratic nations such as the United States, representation is one if not the most important democratic value. In many nations, voting, a granted right of citizenship has been given additional importance by making it a mandatory civil activity in industrialized nations. Voting is the first step of the process of representation since this activity allows us to elect officials who supposedly represent the interest of their constituents. According to Lustig, California currently suffers a representation crisis; his assumptions are quite accurate for we see that not all eligible voters participate. However, Lustig presents the idea that the representation crisis is beyond voting behavior; changes in political norm and practices have contributed to the crisis. Such issues have weakened the vote for everyone and created an inverted relationship where the representatives pick the electorate rather than the other way around. In t he state of Californian representation, we must acknowledge that the current system of representation is an unsustainable model that does not meet the needs of Californians. Alteration of different norms and practices in the representative process has contributed to the lessening of proper representation in Californian politics; thus, resulting in the representation crisis. In order to understand the severity of the dilemma, we must assess the state of political representation in California. Then we must analyze what does not work in the current system. Furthermore, we must assess the core problem of improper representation through the problems of voting. Alongside voting, redistricting is a crucial topic that must be assessed. In addition, we must see... ...tive of Californians, the legislature is the â€Å"most representative† of Californians. When the topic of representation come up, the legislature is the focus for they represent the people of California as well as enact policies that will affect the lives of Californians. With a growing population, we see that the current electoral system no longer is a viable representative model for California. However, before switching into a new system, we must tackle the lack of political participation through accommodation of the different communities; we must ensure that immigrants feel assimilated to society so that they are engaged to participate in civic duties such as voting. Lastly, when and if we alter our system, the most viable option would be a proportional representative system where Californians are accurately represented without the hindrance of partisanship.

Booker T Washington Essay example -- essays research papers

Booker T.Washington: Fighter for the Black Man Booker T. Washington was a man beyond words. His perseverance and will to work were well known throughout the United States. He rose from slavery, delivering speech after speech expressing his views on how to uplift America's view of the Negro. He felt that knowledge was power, not just knowledge of "books", but knowledge of agricultural and industrial trades. He felt that the Negro would rise to be an equal in American society through hard work. Washington founded a school on these principles, and it became the world's leader in agricultural and industrial education for the Negro. As the world watched him put his heart and soul into his school, Tuskegee Institute, he gained great respect from both the white and black communities. Many of the country's white leaders agreed with his principals, and so he had a great deal of support. Booker T. Washington was a great man. He put his own needs aside in order to build the reputation of an entire race. He didn't do it by accusing and putting blame on others, but instead through hard work. Booker T. Washington cleared the way for the black community to fully enter the American society. Washington was born into slavery on April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Virginia, on a small tobacco plantation. His only true relative was his mother, Jane, who was the plantation's cook. His father was probably the white son of one of the neighbors, though it is not known for sure. Washington spent his childhood years on the plantation, but since he was so young he never had to do the heavy work. He did the small jobs, such as carrying water to the field hands and taking corn to the local mill for grinding. This hard work at an early age instilled in him the values he would teach for the rest of his life. When the Civil War ended in April of 1863, Washington and his mom were set free. Unlike most of the other slaves, Washington had somewhere to go. His step-father had escaped earlier, and had gotten a job in Malden, West Virginia, at a salt furnace. When the war ended, he sent for Washington and his mom. Life was tough in Malden. "Drinking, gambling, quarrels, fights, and shockingly immoral practices were frequent." Washington himself got a job in the salt furnace and often had to go to work at four in the morning. Washington longed for an education. A schoo... ...ust make economic progress, and learn how to make a living first. In order to raise funds for the school, Washington traveled all over the country, giving hundreds of speeches expressing his ideas and explaining his program at the school. He became known nationally because of these speeches, which led to many contributors such as Andrew Carnagie, John Rockefellar, and Collis Huntington. As for Tuskegee Institute, its success was beyond Washington's wildest dreams. At the time of Washington's death, 34 years after its founding, the school property included 2,345 acres and 107 buildings, with nearly 200 faculty members and more than 1,500 students. Tuskegee Institute had become the world's leader in agricultural and industrial education for the Negro. Booker's spirit and name live on long after his death. He is remembered and admired for his struggle for the black man. Tuskegee Institute still exists today and is quite well off, with over 3,250 students, about 5,000 acres, and an annual budget of $75 million. Booker T. Washington is a wonderful example that even if you came from nothing, you can accomplish great things if you try hard enough and are willing to make the sacrifice. Booker T Washington Essay example -- essays research papers Booker T.Washington: Fighter for the Black Man Booker T. Washington was a man beyond words. His perseverance and will to work were well known throughout the United States. He rose from slavery, delivering speech after speech expressing his views on how to uplift America's view of the Negro. He felt that knowledge was power, not just knowledge of "books", but knowledge of agricultural and industrial trades. He felt that the Negro would rise to be an equal in American society through hard work. Washington founded a school on these principles, and it became the world's leader in agricultural and industrial education for the Negro. As the world watched him put his heart and soul into his school, Tuskegee Institute, he gained great respect from both the white and black communities. Many of the country's white leaders agreed with his principals, and so he had a great deal of support. Booker T. Washington was a great man. He put his own needs aside in order to build the reputation of an entire race. He didn't do it by accusing and putting blame on others, but instead through hard work. Booker T. Washington cleared the way for the black community to fully enter the American society. Washington was born into slavery on April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Virginia, on a small tobacco plantation. His only true relative was his mother, Jane, who was the plantation's cook. His father was probably the white son of one of the neighbors, though it is not known for sure. Washington spent his childhood years on the plantation, but since he was so young he never had to do the heavy work. He did the small jobs, such as carrying water to the field hands and taking corn to the local mill for grinding. This hard work at an early age instilled in him the values he would teach for the rest of his life. When the Civil War ended in April of 1863, Washington and his mom were set free. Unlike most of the other slaves, Washington had somewhere to go. His step-father had escaped earlier, and had gotten a job in Malden, West Virginia, at a salt furnace. When the war ended, he sent for Washington and his mom. Life was tough in Malden. "Drinking, gambling, quarrels, fights, and shockingly immoral practices were frequent." Washington himself got a job in the salt furnace and often had to go to work at four in the morning. Washington longed for an education. A schoo... ...ust make economic progress, and learn how to make a living first. In order to raise funds for the school, Washington traveled all over the country, giving hundreds of speeches expressing his ideas and explaining his program at the school. He became known nationally because of these speeches, which led to many contributors such as Andrew Carnagie, John Rockefellar, and Collis Huntington. As for Tuskegee Institute, its success was beyond Washington's wildest dreams. At the time of Washington's death, 34 years after its founding, the school property included 2,345 acres and 107 buildings, with nearly 200 faculty members and more than 1,500 students. Tuskegee Institute had become the world's leader in agricultural and industrial education for the Negro. Booker's spirit and name live on long after his death. He is remembered and admired for his struggle for the black man. Tuskegee Institute still exists today and is quite well off, with over 3,250 students, about 5,000 acres, and an annual budget of $75 million. Booker T. Washington is a wonderful example that even if you came from nothing, you can accomplish great things if you try hard enough and are willing to make the sacrifice.

Health and Social Care Act Essay

Legislation: Health and Social Care Act; the Medicines Act and The Misuse of Drugs Act. Guidelines could include the Nursing Midwifery Guidelines for the management of medicine administration – registered nurses have to abide by this set of guidelines and for paid carers, the General Social Care Council’s Code of Conduct will have something which could relate to medication. Policy – for example – consider the Government’s drive to ensure people with dementia are not over medicated – so their policy is currently designed to ‘push’ the professionals responsible for prescribing to bear in mind the effect of drugs on frail elderly people and to consider alternative treatments such as activities and therapies. Other examples of policy might be the Government’s drive to limit the prescribing of antibiotics to reduce the incidence of resistant strains of bacteria. Protocols – a protocol is a procedure and you could outline your company’s procedure (protocol) for disposing of controlled drugs or medication in general. 2- Know about common types of medication and their use. Antibiotics- The most common side effects of antibiotics affect the digestive system. These occur in around 1 in 10 people. Side effects of antibiotics that affect the digestive system include: being sick feeling sick diarrhea bloating and indigestion abdominal pain loss of appetite Ibuprofen- Ibuprofen can cause a number of side effects. For this reason, take lowest possible dose of ibuprofen for the shortest possible time needed to control your symptoms. Common side effects of ibuprofen include: nausea (feeling sick) vomiting (being sick) diarrhoea (passing loose, watery stools) indigestion (dyspepsia) abdominal (tummy) pain Antihistamine- Common side effects of first-generation antihistamines include: drowsiness impaired thinking dry mouth dizziness constipation blurred vision an inability to fully empty the bladder (urinary retention) Drugs like insulin (blood has to be taken from a pinprick so that glucose can be measured before the insulin can be given); warfarin to thin the blood – again blood levels must be checked regularly; digoxin to slow and steady the heart (pulse should be checked prior to administration and advice taken if the pulse dips below 60 beats per minute) Common adverse reactions might be diarrhoea (some antibiotics for example); skin rashes; nausea – through to serious adverse reactions such as anaphylactic shock (facial swelling, blistering of the skin, wheezing and hives) leading to total system collapse and (if not treated with adrenalin) death. The different routes of medication administration are orally, injection/intravenous, creams, and liquids. 3- Understand procedure and techniques for the administration of medication. The required information from prescriptions and medication administration charts are medication name, the name of the person the mediation is prescribed f or, dosage, frequency/PRN and medication strength. 4- Prepare for the administration of medication. Standard precautions for infection control would be hand washing, ppe for  example gloves and aprons etc. In a structured health care setting, medication would be administered to the patient or resident or client by a nurse, such as an RN or LPN – whoever was assigned to be the med nurse. In other facilities, medication is administered by persons with med cert’s (certification training to administer meds). It’s a very specific, precise duty. Meds are secured in locked rooms, areas, and carts. No one is allowed access except the med nurse or scheduled med cert. (person). Meds have to be administered in the correct dosage, which can only be according to a doctor’s prescription. Dosage cannot be altered unless a doctor alters or updates the Rx. The person administering the meds must observe the person they administer them to and ensure that they took them. Pocketing meds (in the cheek), or refusing meds are handled according to the person’s meds and orders. Sometimes it is marked as declined / refused meds. Sometimes, it is documented that they did not swa llow it initially and had to be encouraged, etc. or whatever happened according to the facilities guidelines. Meds are always, and must be, administered and documented accurately when they are administered (contemporaneously). Meds are prescribed to be given sometimes at certain intervals. If the med is a few minutes late, no one is to assume that it was already administered, and skip it. Likewise, if it is offered a little early and that is appropriate according to the order, the med, or the patient request, etc. and it is not documented correctly and contemporaneously, and a second dose is administered, assuming it is on time, and assuming falsely that it was not recently administered (upon request or whatever the circumstances were), then the patient would have been given an incorrect dosage, more than they were prescribed. You know that with some meds, that could be very a very serious overdose, sometimes terminal. They do try to put many checks and balances in place to prevent as much human error as possible, but it can happen. The consequences are usually pretty severe. A med cert would automatically lose their med certification, and they would be disciplined up to, and including, termination. With a licensed nurse, I’m not as sure of the procedure, but I’m fairly certain it would definitely include reporting the med error or  abuse, suspension without pay, an internal (or perhaps external) investigation, and disciplinary actions up to and including termination. Also, unauthorized access and theft of prescription medications – whether by the assigned med nurse, or an outside party, would automatically involve criminal charges. And of course, criminal charges are always a possibility in the other two scenarios I presented above for med certs and nurses, depending on the laws, the circumstances, and the outcome of the investigations. Like I said, very serious consequences. And it’s not like someone could just take a med and it could go unnoticed. med admin documentation is reviewed / audited at least daily, if not more often, and if someone was suspected of confiscating meds, such as narcotics, the building, in some agencies would go into lock-d own and staff could / would be subjected to a search.

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen: Mr. Darcy Overcoming His Pride

Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen in the 19th century, tells the story of an upper class man Mr. Darcy over coming his pride, to fall in love with middle class Elizabeth Bennet, who agrees to marry him after getting over her own prejudicial issues. The story is set in the early 1800’s in England, when class and social order were very important, and people married for money and social status. Austen has written the book to criticize and poke fun at some of these ridiculous values in a satirical way, and positions the reader to see that marriage isn’t about money or social status, but true love. Through the way Jane has written the story and constructed the characters, as a reader we are positioned to respond agreeably to the ways in which she has represented ideas and portrayed stereotypes and customs based on the social standings and issues of the regency era. In Pride and Prejudice, one of the main themes focuses on marriage. Austen believes that marriage should be for love, not for financial and social stability. Austen has constructed juxtaposing couples to portray how couples that marry for true love continue to love and live happily, while couples who marry for money and status end up miserable. There are several characters in the novel that married for financial and social well being; Charlotte Lucas and Mr. Collins, Mr. Wickham and Lydia and Mr. and Mrs. Bennet- all constructed with negative personality traits. When Mr. Collins visits the Bennet’s house at Longburn- where he is heir to the estate, he is in search of a wife- preferably a Bennet sister as he feels a little guilty as they will be kicked out of their home when their father dies and he will inherit the estate. When Mr. Collin’s first proposes, it is to Lizzy, and his reasoning is completely lacking emotion and is based on â€Å"logic and convenience†, as he explained â€Å"My reasons for marrying are, first, that I think it a right thing for every clergyman in easy circumstances (like myself) to set the example of matrimony in his parish. Secondly, that I am convinced it will add very greatly to my happiness; and thirdly – which perhaps I ought to have mentioned earlier, that it is the particular advice and recommendation of the very noble lady whom I have the honor of calling patroness. This dialogue shows that he is only thinking about his image as a clergyman, and how he would please Lady Catherine and help out the Bennet family at the same time. It was not love that would add to his happiness but more that he was doing something noble and would be seen in a good light by others. Austin portrays this sentiment of the era further when the reader sees how emotionless Mr. Coll ins is, after Lizzy’s polite â€Å"no thank you†, he persistently asks her, before finally giving up and three days later becoming engaged to Lizzy’s best friend, Charlotte Lucas. Charlotte who had deliberately set her sights on Mr. Collins, consoling him after he is declined by Lizzy, was 27 years old, and thought it was highly unlikely she would get a better offer of marriage. As she discussed with Lizzy, she was marrying for financial security and believed that â€Å"Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance. † When Charlotte saw Lizzy’s shocked face as she announced her engagement she responded with â€Å"Oh, hush. Not all of us can afford to be romantic. I've been offered a comfortable home and protection. There's a lot to be thankful for. This shows us that though Charlotte was an intelligent lady, she had a pragmatic approach to marriage with no sense of romantic attraction to Mr. Collins- that she â€Å"accepted him solely from the pure and disinterested desire of an establishment†. When Lizzy visits Charlotte at her home in Kent, she basically tells Lizzy that she tries to get rid of her husband by sending him gardenin g and off on unnecessary trips- minimizing the time they spend together. Austen is showing us the ridiculousness of them marrying for social security and how in their relationship they barely even speak to each other. As a reader, we are encouraged to see the marriage between Mr. Collins and Charlotte as a prime example in supporting Austen’s focus on the idea that marriage should be for love not financial and social sanctuary. Austen has positioned readers to see these characters as the pragmatists of the novel. Readers are not really encouraged to like these characters. Austen leaves us, as readers, respecting Lizzy’s decision to marry for love and feeling contempt and disdain for Mr. Collins and Charlotte and their choice to have a loveless, unhappy marriage. In Pride and Prejudice, Austen has characterized Mrs. Bennet and her daughter Lydia as silly, loud and frivolous characters, good examples of the foolish behaviour and values found in some of the middle/upper class women. Austen has characterized these characters to allow us as a reader to view them as ridiculous compared with Lizzy. Mrs Bennet is shown as a rude overbearing mother, who’s sole ambition in life is to get her five daughters married into the best financial and social position possible. When a single rich man Mr. Bingley arrives in Netherfield, Mrs. Bennet is set on getting her eldest daughter Jane to marry him. When Jane is invited over to the Bingley’s, her mother demands â€Å"†You had better go on horseback, because it seems likely to rain and you must stay all night†. When Jane falls sick, and must stay put at the Bingley’s, Mrs. Bennet is encouraged because â€Å"As long as she stays there, it is all very well†. This shows that Mrs. Bennet does not think about her daughter’s health, only about her best chance of marrying and gaining a rich inheritance. Lizzy who thinks her mother is been ridiculous, sarcastically comments â€Å"If Jane should die; it would be comfort to know that it was all in pursuit of Mr. Bingley†. Austen has used this line, to help establish the picture that we as readers begin to understand that Mrs Bennet is foolish, greedy and her priorities in regard to her daughter’s health and marriage are muddled. However as an alternative reading, we could interpret that Mrs. Bennet as only trying to help her daughters, as middle/upper class women would be thought poorly of, if they got a job, and if they had no inheritance, there would be no money source; so it was crucial that they got married at a young age to secure financial security. However Austin writes Lizzy’s character as overcoming these problems without this foolishness. As mentioned Lydia Bennet, like her mother is loud, frivolous and often an embarrassment to her family. She is the youngest of the Bennet sisters at only 15 and is portrayed as immature, silly and naive. Being the favourite of her mother, (as they are both so alike) Lydia is spoilt and has never really been taught how to act or behave in public. So when Lydia is given permission to go away to Brighton, Lizzy is not content, arguing with her father that â€Å"†Our importance, our respectability in the world, must be affected by the wild volatility, the assurance and disdain of all restraint which mark Lydia's character. This gives us as readers, a look at how she is viewed by respectable people in society through Lizzy’s dialogue we are encouraged to think the same. Lydia is also very flirtatious, as Lizzy goes on to describe her as â€Å"A flirt, too, in the worst and meanest degree of flirtation; without any attraction beyond youth and a tolerable person; and from the ignorance and emptiness of her mind†. Through other people’s descriptions of Lydia, we as readers dislike her embarrassing and imprudent attitude. When Lydia elopes with Mr. Wickham, she puts the family name in tatters and does not even acknowledging the shameful thing she had done. The message that Jane Austen is trying to display is that the Regency Era had such strict and absurd behaviours, values and class discrepancies. Through using satirical techniques she has encouraged us as readers to respond by disliking the caricatures of Mrs. Bennet and Lydia, as they help represent the ridiculousness of the society during that period. Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen is a romantic novel, which challenges and ridicules the era in which it was written, the early 19th century. Austen, has used satirical language and irony as main literary techniques, to help form the ideas of how she viewed the society. Jane’s perspective was that marriage should be for love, not financial security, and that social status and class; including their roles, values and manners, played a much too important part in defining the society. Through the over exaggeration of stereotypical people from this era, Austin has successfully set us to interpret the characters, ideas and messages of the book to her understanding. As readers, we are compelled to dislike and laugh at many of the characters discussed, as they represent the negatives of period. Austen has successfully constructed this novel through these negatives and the positive characteristics of Lizzy and Mr. Darcy to ensure, that the audience is persuaded to feel strongly and agree with Austen on the messages that marriage should not be for social and financial stability, and that the society should not revolve around class and social status.