A raisin in the sun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A raisin in the sun - Essay Example African-Americans suffered racial discrimination, which was present, since the times of slavery where they were subjected to inhumane acts by White people. The play, by Lorraine Hansberry, depicts the battles that African-Americans had to go through in the early 1900s in the fight for equality in society. Discrimination was promoted by White American supremacists who advocated for segregation of minority races in society. The black African-American population bore the greatest blunt of racial discrimination in the American society. Segregation was effected in all sectors of life in schools, public transport, jobs and housing. The play highlights the Young family’s struggle with racial discrimination, and the hardship they went through for buying a house from a white man in a white neighbourhood. The play has a cast that is composed of Walter Lee who is unhappy with his current job and dreams of becoming an entrepreneur. He is a dreamer who believes that money can solve all of the family’s problems and buy them happiness. Ruth is a character who is depicted battling poverty and domestic troubles frequently. She is also depicted as a peacemaker who is willing to do anything to protect her family. Beneatha is a character who displays feminist perspectives in the play. ... She thinks that money is not something that makes a family happy. She is depicted as a nurturing mother and stands firm in her beliefs. As the head of the family, she demands that members of her family respect one another as well as take pride in their dreams. Linder is the only white character in the play who acts as the representative for the white community. He goes to great lengths to keep black African-Americans out of the white neighbourhood. His actions are best depicted when he offers the Young family a deal to reconsider moving into his all-white neighbourhood. This shows his determination in ensuring that his neighbourhood is free from ‘blacks’ who are perceived as pariahs in society (Loos 213). The play addresses themes of the essence of dreams as a supposition that was famously proposed in a poem wrote by Langston Hughes. He wrote about dreams that were neglected or postponed and ponders if those aspirations wither like raisins in the sun. This is illustrated by Walter’s desire to have money so that he can afford to cater for his family. The display of dreams and aspirations for a better life is not confined to one race, but it can be recognised in people of all backgrounds. The underlying motivation to yearn for a better life is universal irrespective of race, and it varies in different people. Walter’s notion of the American dream is the ideology of materialism which places much emphasis on the importance of money and the things it can acquire. In play, Hansberry shows how Walter envies Charlie Atkin’s dry cleaning business because it makes an annual income of $100, 000. Walter is blinded by his desire to acquire riches and partners with people of questionable characters who end escaping with all of

Using insight into historaical, social and cultural context write an Essay

Using insight into historaical, social and cultural context write an regarding the expectations of pip in Charles Dickens 'Great expectaions - Essay Example He develops unrealistic expectations which lead him to develop undesirable traits. However, the resulting disappointments turn him more mature and responsible. In the beginning, Pip is so vulnerable crying â€Å""Oh! Dont cut my throat, sir, O pray.....† (p.3) when the convict Magwitch catches him in the churchyard. His situation is so desperate as he stands looking at the graves of seven members of his family; being an orphan, without family and friends, he stands alone in the world. In such a position, Pip longs to improve himself setting expectations. He admires Joe, the blacksmith and has "a new sensation of feeling conscious that I was looking up to Joe in my heart" (p.4). However, his admiration soon turns into indifference as he starts develop unrealistic expectations. Some of his expectations are educational, moral and social. The change starts coming upon him on his meeting Mrs. Havisham and Estella. Pip, who has admired Joe and the working class life, starts noticing the difference between classes. He thinks regretfully, â€Å"I was a common labouring-boy; that my hands were coarse; that my boots were thick; and generally that I was in a low-lived bad way" (p. 27). He loves Estella and yearns to marry her; however, he faces the truth that he is poor, ignorant and realises the difference between moral and immoral behaviour. He is idealistic which causes him to have a very narrow view of the world. So, he sometimes acts rude to people who actually care for him. He goes by the face value, which leads to disappointments. When Mr. Jaggers tells Pip about the great expectations that they have placed on him, he thinks that Miss Havisham is going to spend her fortune and expects that Mrs. Havisham is his benefactor, but when he realises the truth that he had been so long supported by a convict, he is unable to take it. However, later he comes to learn the human qualities of

Definition of Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Definition of Love - Essay Example To define love one can read Shakespeare, another would rather kiss for the first time†¦ Actually, love can be considered at different levels: from lingual expression to physiological, emotional and psychological contexts (Tibbetts 1979, p. 280). When people say "I love you", what do they really mean? In accordance with the definition from the dictionary: love is  "a strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties" (cited by Fisher 1998, p. 136).  We would rather focus not only the essence of love but on different types of it. First of all, love can be correlated with the different meanings  of this concept. "There’s romantic love; love between two people, which  is considered to be both intimate and sexual" (Fisher 1998, p. 138). Love is everywhere for me. I love my family, my friends, people and animals in our world. I love reading; I love God and many other things. Actually, I feel that all these forms of love are different and I can clearly feel this difference. Moreover, I feel that love to my beloved person, my mother or my best friend are different types of this feeling. To my mind, the closest synonym to any form of love is "comfort", "coziness", "pleasure"†¦too many other synonyms can be also selected, but I would like to prefer one of these forms of synonyms (Wood 1995, p. 80). People in their relationship trying to find the golden mean. Very often there is a chance to put someone's happiness about your own feelings. It is one of the highest prices paid for happiness. Love to another person can be the greatest treasure in the world, but you have to pay a high price for it. One should love another person above his/her flaws. Not only positive features but also negative features should be loved by a person in case they experience real love.   

Ancient Greece Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ancient Greece Architecture - Research Paper Example The most distinctive characteristic of ancient Greek architecture is its temples. Ancient Greek architecture is best recognized for its temples. Many of them are situated all the way through the area, generally as ruins or remains but a lot are still to a large extent intact. The succeeding most significant form of structure that endured all throughout the Hellenic world is the uncovered, open-air theatre. The earliest among them dates all the way back roughly around 350 BC. Each Greek township had these kinds of theatre, which were used for communal and social gatherings and meetings as well as for theatrical presentations and shows. The theatre was typically placed in a hillside right out of the town, and had rows of seats placed one above the other, in a half circle surrounding and around the middle area for the performance or presentation, the orchestra. Behind that was a building called the skene. This functioned as a dressing room for the performers, a storage room for props, e tc. and as background scenery to the action happening in the orchestra. A couple of Greek open-air theatres have survived and remained nearly undamaged. The best known among all is located at Epidaurus. The architect who designed this theatre was Polykleitos the Younger who was also a sculptor of athletes and the architect of Tholos. Aside from the theatre, there are also other architectural structures that are even now still in sight. One of them is the processional entry used for ceremonies. This gateway is called the propylon. A storied row of pillars called the stoa borders the agora, or the public square. The town building where the ruling body meets called the bouleuterion can also still be seen in some places. Others include the public memorial, the massive mausoleums and the stadium as well. Towns in Greece with a population of significant size also had a gymnasium or palaestra. This was the public center for males. This included watcher/spectator sections, baths, lavatories , and clubrooms as well. There were other sport-associated buildings. One of the most significant in ancient Greece was the hippodrome, used for horseracing. Only bits and pieces of the hippodromes have lasted. The stadium used for for foot races were 600 feet in length. A number of them exist in different places, which includes the ones in Olympia, Epidarus, Delphi and Ephesus. The 45,000-seating Panathinaiko Stadium which is situated in the Greek city of Athens, was repaired and restored back in the 1800s. It was later used in a number of Olympic Games, the ones held in 1896, 1906 and 2004 Olympic Games. Ancient Greek architecture is known for its greatly formal distinctiveness, equally of formation and ornamentation. Temples were frequently lifted up on elevated ground so that the sophistication of its magnitude and the effect of daylight on its exterior features might be observed from all perspectives. Nikolaus Pevsner refers to these magnificent architectural structures,  "placed before us with a physical presence more intense, more alive than that of any later building". The official terms of Ancient Greek architecture, in particular the dissection of architectural manner. Stylistically, the architecture of Ancient Greece is separated into three â€Å"orders†: the Doric Order, the Ionic Order and the Corinthian Order. The names of these orders reveal their origin. The Doric Order, th

Analysis of the Airbus Strategies Adopted in Startup Case Study

Analysis of the Airbus Strategies Adopted in Startup - Case Study Example Airbus’ competitive offer to its customers was a strength because it rivaled established brands. This increased customers and improved Airbus market share in the aircraft industry. Similarly, pooling of financial and technological resources in four European countries in the manufacture of Airbus aircraft was a strength to Airbus. This gave the company the finances required to create a competitive advantage. The last strength was strong industry policy in Europe that favored the success of Airbus, translating to  £ 26 billion in subsidies that enabled the company recovery of 70 % enormous development costs. This improved competitiveness and efficiency of the Airbus, hence competed favorably with established global players, McDonald and Boeing. Two weaknesses plagued Airbus, loses due to discount pricing as a way to gain increased market share and lack of established reputation with airlines on safety, quality and maintenance in the earlier years of the company’s operations. This led to needing reduced prices, improved maintenance practices, and increased competitiveness by Airbus to overcome the weaknesses. The main threat to Airbus was a ready market for McDonald and Boeing from U.S. military equipment. This reduced Airbus competitiveness in the U.S. market due to superior sales and profits by McDonald and Boeing. Secondly, Mc Donald and Boeing control of the U.S. market was a threat to Airbus growth and ambitions of increased market share. A building of high-quality Airbus aircraft acted as an opportunity as it gave consumers an alternative to U.S. aircraft.  

Considering the Detailed Strategies for Goal Attainment Essay Example for Free

Considering the Detailed Strategies for Goal Attainment Essay In the previous step, you thought about the broader personal and social impact of your goals and the consequences of their attainment. Now you will be asked to think, in detail, about how you will achieve your goals. Goals are related to lesser, smaller sub-goals and behaviors, as well as connected to higher-order, more important abstract goals. These sub-goals are easier to achieve, but are still fundamental to reaching our greater aspirations. Sub-goals can thus be thought of as strategies for greater goal achievement. Thinking about what specific things need to be done in order to achieve your goals allows you to create practical strategies for realizing your dreams. Please take some time to write about the concrete daily or weekly things you might do to further your goals. Take as much time as you need, and really consider what particular behaviors each goal is built upon. Do you need to spend more time with your kids? Do you need to discuss household chores with your spouse? Should you spend more time planning at work? Specify when you are going to work on your goals. Specify how often. Specify where. Think hard about how you are going to implement your plans. Make your plans concrete. Step FIVE: Write down those concrete weekly or daily things you might do to further your goals. Please take as much space as you need. Goal 1: In order to graduate from University I will have to do well in my courses. It is not enough to just go to classes and comply with all the requirements in each class. I have to maximize my potentials and the learning that I will acquire from each class. I would only be able to achieve this if I give my whole heart and mind to my classes. This is easier to say than do, for example, I have to prepare and read materials in advance; I have to anticipate assignments and make sure I give all my best to each paper, essay or project. I also have to attain competitive scores in my exams and to reinforce my learning through practical applications both in my life and in how I deal with people. Specifically, this semester, I intend to set a certain amount of time everyday (at least two hours) that I’ll devote to studying. During the time, I cannot plan to do anything else. Instead, I will focus on my classes and study the lessons I take up each day. I know it would take will power and commitment on my part to make this goal a reality. I have read somewhere that reading lecture notes each day would go a long way in retaining information and facilitating learning. In a way it helps me think about my lessons constantly, thus, if I have to work on something that requires information from my lessons, I can readily access it. I also plan to join a discussion group that talks about the specific classes I am taking. For example, if I have introduction to psychology, I will join a group that discusses everything about psychology. I believe that listening to different perspective or opinions would further my learning. At the same time, it also serves as a way of reinforcing what I learn in class. Goal 2: I will start to learn a foreign language if I want to go abroad. It has always been my dream to travel to a foreign land and to experience a different culture and way of life. I am an adventurous person and if I intend to travel to different countries, I would want to do it in my way, which does not include package tours or travel agents. Thus, the necessity to learn the language of the country I want to visit. How else would I be able to converse or find my way in a remote town or place in Greece if I don’t know how to speak Greek, or even Italian. There are a number of courses available for me so I could start learning a foreign language. However, it would take up much of my time and resources at the present time. I think it would be more effective for me to start small, like buy a book or download an individual learning package which I can readily access when I have the time. Moreover, I resolve to devote four hours a week of learning a foreign language. Goal 3: I will speak and try to develop a closer relationship with my classmates because that can help make school work more enjoyable, therefore improving my grades. I must admit that I have not been very close with my classmates or that I have made the effort to befriend them. But now that I have realized that I need to build relationships with the people I see everyday, I resolve to make sure that I approach and initiate conversations so I would get to know them better and hopefully become closer to them. By establishing friendships with my classmates, my classes would become enjoyable, and would be a shared experience as I know that the people I am with everyday are my friends. This would also mean that I would look forward to my classes and being with my friends and classmates and learning together. Goal 4: I will borrow a few books from the library about counseling and read them over regularly. My long term goal is to become a counselor and to be skilled in this field. I know that this career is not easy or that I can be assured of success at the instant I graduate. Counselor work is inspiring and fulfilling, but it takes a certain kind of personality and life skills to become an effective counselor. I know in my heart that I can be a good counselor, that I have the personality and the determination to become a counselor. However, I also know that I still need to learn many things, to acquire skills and knowledge and be competent in this profession. I also know that my classes and major subjects only prepares me for the tasks that counselor have to face, and that I could prepare myself through learning everything I can about counseling through reading books. I hope to read counseling books at least one book per month. Step 6: Identifying Potential Obstacles and their Solutions Thinking about achieving a goal is obviously easier than going out and getting it done. Many things related to the natural environment, the social group and the self might stand in your way. It is useful to anticipate these difficulties, so that you can plan to overcome them. Consider your goals, once again. Write down all the potential obstacles you can think up. Write down ways to overcome these obstacles. How might you interfere with your own plans? How can you ensure this won’t happen? Sometimes change is threatening to people we know and love. Will the people you know help you, or stand in your way? How can you communicate with them, so that they will support you? Think of realistic and worst-case scenarios. What are your options? What are your alternative plans? Step SIX: Potential Obstacles to Goals, and Ways to Overcome Them: take as much space as you need. Goal 1: For graduating University, I could run into some obstacles. Hindrances or obstacles towards attaining my goals will always be a challenge for me, since I would really want to be able to finish university in the best and fastest way I can. My resolution to spend time studying everyday might not leave me with time for myself and my friends. Spending too much time might alienate me from my friends. It would also sadden me and affect my focus and attention if my friends feel that I cannot be with them because I am trying too hard to be a good student. I know that being a good student nowadays is the exception, not the norm and my friends might think I am not good company because I always study. I like being with my friends and I enjoy their company, but I know that I also have to prioritize my studies. Thus, I resolve to explain to my friends why at times I could not join them and to ask them to be more accommodating of my situation. I could also get too lazy and slack off too often. There is also the fear that I might not be able resist my friends’ influence and sacrifice my study time for bonding time. I know I am only human and no matter how good my plan is, I would still have to decide and evaluate my actions as to its consequences. If I become too lazy and focus more on my friends, then I would be a failure and I don’t have anyone to blame but myself. In order to prevent these things, I will try to organize myself in such a way that my friendships won’t suffer and my work is enjoyable and stress-free enough that I won’t find myself slacking. At the same time, my family might also feel that I don’t give enough attention or my time with them because of my studies. I know that I have to make them realize that what I am doing is for my own good and for my family’s future. If I graduate with great grades, it would open doors for me and I would be able to further my training and acquire more skills. I hope and pray that they would understand me and that they would support my goals. Goal 2: Counseling: I will try to reach people that are already working in the field of counseling. Maybe they can give me advice. The obstacle could be that I postpone such meetings or that I don’t give enough attention to what they are sharing with me. IN joining discussion groups, I might find it boring and ineffective and completely turn my back to the group. On the other hand, I could also become so engrossed and enjoyed in the discussion groups that I would give more time and focus to the group than to my classes. I know that the key to everything is balance, and I could maximize my learning both in and out of the classroom by attaining balance. Thus, I would give myself a strict schedule as to the time spent in discussion groups, and if I chance upon a boring or a nonfunctioning group, then I have to find another group to join. Goal 3: Providing for my family: I will try to finish my studies as quickly as possible, without rushing, of course. And I will try to save my money as much as I can upon graduating. I could run into unforeseen obstacles – like losing a job, especially during this recession. The best I can do is to do my job as well as possible and hope for the best, though. Aside from wanting to attain personal growth and achievement, I would also want to have a good job and profession in order to provide for my family. Since I would have to be gainfully employed to be able to provide for my family, I have to make sure that after graduation, I have to look for work. In reality, there is not much available jobs for counselors, but we can always open our own practice. But that would mean applying for accreditation and licensing which is another obstacle that I have to face. But since I really want to be a counselor, there is nothing I could do but comply with the needed requirements. Moreover, one cannot be an effective counselor without continuous education and learning. I might become too committed to my studies that my work suffers. If that is the case, then, I might not be able to provide for my family’s needs. In order to combat this obstacle, I would make it a point to compartmentalize, that is, to think about my studies when I am in school or when I am at home, and to think about my job when I am in my workplace. Goal 4: Given that I have the resources to travel abroad, the obstacles I might have in this area are not having the time for vacation, leaving work and getting sick during my travels or traveling and not being adequately prepared for it both emotionally and physically. For example, if I travel abroad, I have to leave my work for a period of time and I have to be able to arrange that my clients would not need me at that time, also, I have to make sure that I don’t have any prior commitments. Consequently, I might be too caught up with my job and my responsibilities that I would not be able to travel. Since, I want to travel unconventionally, and then it would make sense that I would maybe take a month or more abroad, an obstacle I foresee is do I have the resources to be without an income for a month. Another worst-case scenario is when I would be suddenly taken-ill during my travel. Without a guide or a traveling companion it would be very unfortunate if I get sick at that time. Thus, I have to make sure that I am well prepared both financially and physically before I schedule and plan for my travel. I should also acquaint myself with the culture, geography and customs of the places I am going to visit so I would know what to do when I am confronted with an emergency. Step 7: Monitoring Progress towards Desired Goals We need to know, concretely, whether or not we are progressing towards valued goals. Of course, this is not an easy process. When we want to complete very specific tasks, feedback on our performance is relatively easy to monitor. However, if our goals are less short-term, this becomes a little more difficult. On the next few pages you will be asked to identify personal benchmarks that will allow you to evaluate your own performance. †¢ What sorts of things will you accept as evidence that you are progressing towards your stated goal? †¢ How often are you going to monitor your own behavior? †¢ How will things in your life have to change, measurably, for you to feel satisfied in your progress? †¢ How can you ensure that you are neither pushing yourself too hard, and ensuring failure, or being too easy on yourself, and risking boredom and cynicism? Your benchmarks should be personal indicators of success. It doesn’t matter what others may think defines progress towards your goal. Write down those accomplishments would truly indicate positive movement on your part. Goal 1: My first goal is to do very well in all my courses this semester. That is a necessary condition for me to eventually go on and graduate. The evidences that would indicate that I am achieving this goal is that I would get above average final grades in majority of my courses. I know that I am quite adept at some courses, and in some, I have difficulty with. Thus, I would expect to be able to get excellent grades in the courses I am confident with and to get more than average grades for the difficult courses. Since grades are given for each prelim, midterm and finals in each course, I would monitor my grades after each exam and to track my scores and grades in the different projects and coursework. It would be alright for me to wait for my final grade in all my courses and as long as I give my best, I would be assured that I would have better grades. The most important thing is to enjoy what I am doing, I would know that I am pushing myself too hard if I can’t concentrate in my tasks, and I would know that I ma not doing enough if I make mediocre work. So I resolve to enjoy every assignment and project I have this term and I would make it fun and interesting for my own benefit. Goal 2: My second goal, in order to accomplish the first, is to study more often and organize my time better. Evidences that I am accomplishing this goal are when I would have time to study and do my coursework before the deadline, when I don’t feel rushed and when I don’t have to cram for quizzes. Effective time management would imply that I have time to do everything. I plan to have a â€Å"to do† list on a daily basis and try to schedule my activities for the whole day, as I accomplish each task, I indicate it on the list and in that way I can monitor whether I have reached my target goals for the day or not. Since I would have time to do everything, then consequently I would have time for family, friends and school work. Thus it would be a better improvement in my life than a sacrifice for me. I know the difference between too much and too little, so as I make my to do list, I will make sure that it is balanced in the sense that I have time to do the things I enjoy and that the list is flexible, what I may not finish today I can work on tomorrow and I don’t need to feel that I failed by not doing it today. Goal 3: My third goal is to meet with my TAs and professors more often in order to get a better grasp of the study material. This will help me accomplish the first two goals. In this respect, I think that the best evidence I have for reaching this goal is when I don’t fear or feel uncomfortable interacting with my instructors and Ta’s. I mostly see them regularly, and I guess if I make it a point to initiate conversations or to ask help in some lessons then I would in the long run become more familiar with them. I am not that outgoing or bubbly as a person, so I think it would be a big change in my part to accomplish this goal because it would mean going out of my comfort zone and befriending them. As I have noticed, people tend to be put off when someone is very brash or boisterous, so if I have that effect on people then I am trying too hard. If I am not trying hard enough, then I won’t experience any result and there would be no change in my behavior. Goal 4: In learning a foreign language, I would probably have to be able to understand the foreign language or to be able to speak phrases and words in the foreign language as evidences that I am really learning a new language. If I don’t have much time to learn the language, then I would probably monitor my improvement in a year since I would not be traveling to another country in the near future. Even if I can’t go abroad, I would still have the benefit of learning a new language and that is already an achievement in itself. Being able to speak another language would probably widen my perspective and how I view myself. Goal 5: One benchmark will be the completion of my current year of University studies. In this way I would know that I am achieving my goal once I graduate from the university and be awarded my degree. Since I still have a number of terms to complete before I graduate and a number of courses to complete, it would take me time to reach this goal. In a way, the number of terms I finish would be the means of monitoring my goals. If I graduate, then it would probably change my life forever for the better I hope. I really want to graduate, and no matter what obstacles I come across, I am willing to give my all to beat the odds.

Perkin Warbeck Essay Example for Free

Perkin Warbeck Essay Explain why Perkin Warbeck remained a threat to the security of Henry VII for so many years. Perkin Warbeck was the second Yorkist pretender to the English throne after Lambert Simnel was defeated at the Battle of Stoke in 1487. Between the years 1491-99, he posed a significantly destabilising threat to Henry VII in dynastic terms, impersonating Richard of York, the younger son of Edward IV. The successes of Warbeck, which led him to remain a threat to the Kings security, may be largely categorised into the support from foreign powers during this period and discontent existing in England due to Henrys methods of ruling with relation to sustaining an authoritative and respected status both within his own country and abroad. Whilst it is possible to challenge such a concept of a threat, Warbeck was eventually executed in November 1499, demonstrating in a modern context that the Kings perception of this pretender was one of great concern for his position. Steven Gunn has suggested that Henry was a usurper and carried with him the problems of this title. Upon taking the English throne, it was inevitable that Henry would face opposition to his rule, particularly in consideration of his lack of familiarity with English politics and those supporters of the Yorkist claim. With the knowledge that Richard III intended John de la Pole to inherit the crown and having already fought at the Battle of Stoke to secure his position, it would seem almost equally likely that Henry would be a paranoid character by the time that Perkin Warbeck came to attention, and he could not predetermine the reactions of the De la Pole family, who were largely responsible for the pretenders. It is significant not only that Warbeck was the second embodiment of discontent within Henrys reign, but also that political unsettlement had been apparent under his predecessor also a usurper. Henry is likely to have feared reaching the same fate as Richard III, whose reign had been plagued with suspicions surrounding the Princes in the Tower controversy and indeed, the dating of his coronation to appear three days before his victory at Bosworth suggests paranoia existing even before his rule. Thus Warbeck is best viewed in one sense as a non-military threat, being an encouragement of this paranoia through the exploitation of Henrys potentially weak position. He reminded the King of the existence of dissatisfaction within his own country and later among foreign powers. The princes had never been seen again and were presumed murdered by their uncle, Richard III. In this way, there was an immediate simplicity for Warbeck to exploit the lack of clarification as to what had happened to them. Whereas Lambert Simnels claim was flawed in that Henry was able to parade the true Earl of Warwick through London during the crisis, Warbeck was imitating Edward IVs younger son, Richard of York. Hence this crisis was much more serious, for Henry was unable to prove the existence of the true Richard and if Warbeck truly was the prince he impersonated, his claim to the English throne would have been superior to that of Henry. The threat of Warbeck was enlarged by the context in which it occurred those behind the pretender were able to follow a potentially fatal method by which Henrys position could be destabilised. In order to ascertain why any pretender to the throne would become a prolonged threat, the nature of the monarchs rule must be evaluated. The view of Steven Gunn could be expanded upon to maintain that Henrys rule naturally had characteristics of that of a usurper: unlike a hereditary monarch, he required more stringent methods of discipline to enforce his position as a ruler. In addition to passing attainders against those involved with the pretenders (Edmund de la Pole was fined à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5000 to inherit some of his brothers lands and never inherited the dukedom of Suffolk for his involvement with Simnel) Empson and Dudley greatly assisted in coordinating the increased use of bonds and recognisances against subjects. Then in 1497, Perkin Warbecks forces rallied the rebels during the second Cornish Rising in protest against raised taxes to support the invasion of Scotland and together, they nearly took the city of Exeter. In this way, it can be observed that Warbeck becoming a threat was in a paradoxical sense Henry needed to use more powerful methods of rule to secure his own position and dynasty than an ordinary monarch due to his status, though the discontent which such methods brought about led to resentful individuals turning to the diversion of Warbeck. Threats in military terms from Perkin Warbeck during this period may be largely attributed to foreign support. Indeed, Warbeck potentially had concern also from nobility such as Sir William Stanley, as Margaret of Burgundy, sister of Edward IV, proclaimed him as her long-lost nephew. The role of France was crucial in causing Warbeck to remain a threat to the security of Henrys position. In 1491, he moved to the French court and was treated similarly to a prince by Charles VIII, which illustrated to Henry a possibility of an invasion the French had funded his own invasion of England in 1485 to overthrow Richard III, and the case could potentially have been that this claimant was genuine. The threat was heightened by Charles discontent in 1492 after Henrys assistance of the Duchess of Brittany in an attempt to retain her independence from France, whilst the 1489 Treaty of Medina del Campo with Spain led the French to encourage James IV of Scotland to invade England. It was Henrys invasion of France in 1492 which appeared to be a very drastic action with regard to this pretender it was clear that with foreign military backing, his position could be significantly threatened. However, in this respect, it must be noted that the threat was not Warbeck as an individual, but rather the concept of the proceedings and those supporting him. He became a focus for French discontent with Henry VII in the same way that he had been a Yorkist focus in England. A prolonged threat from any pretender to any throne can always be attributed to discontent with a monarchs rule. Conformingly, Perkin Warbeck was often able to exploit this to enlist support and increase opposition to the King. It is clear that the level of foreign support given to the pretender ultimately was the greatest contributing factor in threatening Henrys security due to the possibility of a successful invasion, though the paranoia and the methods of rule enlisted to secure his dynasty were equal factors in causing Warbeck to remain a threat. In contrast, it is very significant that Warbeck was never a primary threat as an individual, but merely a strong secondary threat behind the foreign powers and nobility that supported him it was the concept that destabilised the position of Henry VII.